MIM(Prisons) is a cell of revolutionaries serving the oppressed masses inside U.$. prisons, guided by the communist ideology of Marxism-Leninism-Maoism.
www.prisoncensorship.info is a media institution run by the Maoist Internationalist Ministry of Prisons. Here we collect and publicize reports of conditions behind the bars in U.$. prisons. Information about these incidents rarely makes it out of the prison, and when it does it is extremely rare that the reports are taken seriously and published. This historical record is important for documenting patterns of abuse, and also for informing people on the streets about what goes on behind the bars.
by a North Carolina prisoner August 2012 permalink
I have been a reader of your publication going on a couple years now,
and I find it the most uplifting and informative I’ve seen yet! Also,
the comrades in this movement have been most helpful in demonstrating to
us how to file a petition against the grievance process here in North
Carolina prisons. I am currently housed at Marion Correctional
Institution’s segregation unit in Marion, North Carolina where they keep
any prisoner who dares to challenge and question their conduct or
actions. However, I have witnessed over the years how our grievance
process has become so watered down to the point when you ask for the
DC-410 form you’re laughed at by correctional officers and told to spell
their names right (ha ha ha). It has become no more than a venting
process for us! There is no consideration that this is a
constitutionally protected right.
However, I recently have sent copies of my petition to the Justice
Department in Atlanta, Georgia and the Inspector General’s office in
Virginia, as well as two copies to North Carolina Department of Public
Safety (NC DPS) Secretary Jennie Lancaster via certified mail. I haven’t
even gotten acknowledgements that they received any of them. So you see,
we’re being stifled, even at the highest levels. Therefore, we won’t get
anything done on this issue, short of court action. The people who are
supposed to protect our rights won’t even do so. So we regroup, and
continue this fight for justice, so as to stop this “rubber stamping”
game with our rights.
MIM(Prisons) responds: It seems other prisoners in North Carolina
have already come to similar conclusions, as comrades recently passed
the two week mark on a hunger strike demanding improvements in
conditions, including an end to long-term isolation.
On Monday July 16th, prisoners began hunger strikes at Bertie CI in
Windsor, Scotland CI in Laurinburg, and Central Prison in Raleigh.
Targeting a wide range of conditions related but not exclusive to
solitary confinement, the prisoners have vowed not to eat until their
demands are met.(1)
Check this link below for the
full
list of demands, because apparently the list released by the NC DPS
had sections redacted for “security issues.”(2) Which might explain why
the mainstream media is not reporting the more serious demands, such as
“An immediate end to the physical and mental abuse inflicted by
officers”, “The end of cell restriction. Sometimes prisoners are locked
in their cell for weeks or more than a month, unable to come out for
showers and recreation” and “An immediate stop to officers’ tampering or
throwing away prisoners’ mail.”(1)
We’ve seen the increased activity in North Carolina over the last couple
years, and so has the DPS, who have stepped up a campaign to keep
Under Lock & Key and other mail from MIM(Prisons), out of
the hands of their prisoners. Below is one image that triggered
censorship in the last issue of ULK.
Just as this comrade has been pushing every administrative avenue to get
prisoners’ rights respected, MIM(Prisons) has been doing the same to
fight this rampant censorship and ignoring of grievances. As this
comrade says, we continue to regroup and do everything we can to stop
these injustices. We encourage the comrades in North Carolina to keep
speaking up, as your rights are not guaranteed; you must stand up and
demand them.
I would like to bring something to your attention that’s going on here
at Union Correctional Institution with staff attacks and starvation
tactics. In April I was assaulted by prison staff. Upon grieving the
issue at the institutional level, I was immediately retaliated against,
choked with security waist chains, placed on strip status butt naked,
property taken and destroyed, and placed back into cold cell 40/50
degrees with AC blowing for nine days straight without clothes. I had no
sheets, no comfort items, no property, no toothpaste, no toilet tissue,
no socks, no mattress, no nothing, just sleeping on a concrete bunk.
I was set up with all kinds of weapons, income tax forms, gang letters,
bogus urine test, etc. These staff are out of control. I’m constantly
being verbally threatened after I have already been assaulted. Security
staff have orderlies empty food trays and pour chemicals and spit in the
food after they starve us for 7 or 8 days straight, knowing prisoners
will eat anything after not being fed for that long. Medical staff here
are covering up for these attacks.
MIM(Prisons) responds: This story of prison staff abuse and
retaliation against those who file grievances is unfortunately very
common in prisons across the country. The campaign to
demand
grievances be addressed is spreading to new states quickly as
comrades look for ways to fight back against this repression. We don’t
yet have a petition for the state of Florida so we need someone from
that state to look up citations and policies specific to Florida for
reference in the petition. If you do this research and send us what
needs to be rewritten for your particular state, we will gladly send an
edited, accurate copy to other USW and Legal Clinic folks in your state.
Step Up: Revolution centers around a dance crew called The
Mob that is based in a “slum” of Miami, though has recruited members
from all over the world. Their “slum” origins are questionable as they
all have bodies of professional athletes and dress like models. And
while The Mob always has the resources for the most fantastic props for
their performances, we never see any signs of poverty or oppressive
conditions in their neighborhood, except for almost being displaced by a
development project. Like the billboards for this movie suggest, there
is a focus on the forbidden love story between Mob co-founder Sean and
daughter of the rich developer who threatens to destroy their
neighborhood, Emily, throughout the movie.
The story line is mostly a joke as one would expect, since we all came
for the crazy dance moves, right? The only semi-interesting line of
dialogue in the whole film is when Emily challenges The Mob for not even
saying anything in their art. This is particularly interesting
juxtaposed to Sean’s line throughout the film that The Mob was created
so that their voices could be heard in a city where they are
“invisible.”
On the one hand, Emily’s challenge is a valid critique when the leaders
of The Mob are clear that they are all about being financially
successful through their art from the beginning to the very last line of
the film. At the same time, it perpetuates the idea that there is art
without a message, which just isn’t true.
This critique reflects back on the greater art form that is the film
itself. This is apparently a popular genre now, building off the success
of TV talent shows like American Idol, So You Think You Can
Dance and America’s Got Talent. Many of the performers in
the movie are recruited from these shows, and are real-world examples of
the success that The Mob is working for. The Step Up series of
movies is all about providing the audience with an adrenaline rush with
ever-more intense dance moves, soundtracks and visual effects.
It seems that they were pushing up on their limits in creating more
extreme dance performances, and they stepped into the realm of protest
art for a minute to up the ante with this latest edition of Step
Up. In this genre there is often a strong element of competition,
which can provide a source of drama and maybe a fight or two to add to
the excitement. But this version stepped it up by having a dance crew
that went up against the system, sort of.
The Mob actually starts out as a highly trained flash mob, rather than
protest art. Instead of using performance art to convey a specific
message in a more impactful way, the flash mob is a modern phenomenon
that focuses on transforming the moment with no long-term goals or
message. Building on Guy Debord’s theory of the Society of the
Spectacle, some think these disruptions of the spectacle that is
the status quo is somehow a revolutionary act. Most just think it’s neat
and fun. And ultimately that is what The Mob is about, despite their
short venture into protesting the destruction of their hood.
In the end the movie abruptly brings you back to the main motivation
being financial success, which could have been the producers poking a
bit of fun at those who came to see the movie looking for a more
subversive message. But at the same time it was true-to-life in the way
that dance and music are used in advertising to sell an image of
rebellion and being extreme to youth with money to spend. This movie is
very much part of that. But that phenomenon is much bigger in the way
that oppressed nation culture, especially in the form of
hip
hop, was taken and sold to white youth as a form of rebellion, then
sanitized by the white tastes that then shaped the culture and sold it
back to Black youth as something that was supposed to represent them.
It is this aspect of culture that is hinted at in the film when The Mob
says they “are everyone” and that they represent the culture of the
neighborhood that the developers will destroy with their plans. In
reality, the culture presented by The Mob is a very globalized and
technologically-centered culture that does not represent one place or
one people, but does reflect material wealth, large amounts of leisure
time and mobility that is inaccessible to the majority of the world’s
people. The movie tries to pass this big-money pop culture off as a
local scene threatened by big bad corporations. The timing and message
was perhaps an attempt to play on the hype around
the
“99%” movement, who would see these rich kids as the poor.
But it would be wrong to say that the art and culture presented in
movies like Step Up is “devoid of content,” as implied by
Emily’s critique. There was a lot of sex and romance culture promotion
in this movie, and in the dancing itself. There was a promotion of the
art of dance as a big party. And there was the ever-present theme,
dating back to Dirty Dancing (and probably before), of the need
to break the rules to express yourself. But the source of conflict of
this expression in Hollywood movies is usually centered around sexuality
and romance. In Step Up: Revolution, fighting the redevelopment
project becomes a cause that drives the dancers to break the rules. But
even then, the message you are left with is that it is good to push the
limits to be cutting edge in order to be successful at marketing
yourself. The most radical action of The Mob is scarred as representing
the low point and temporary breakup of the group, and it was the only
time they actually got in trouble with law enforcement (who were
unrealistically absent throughout the movie). It’s like the successful
politician or non-profit organizer who got arrested once in college for
the experience and now has some street cred as a result, but never
really represented a challenge to the system. While the term
“revolution” has been perpetually overused in marketing, in a way to
dilute the power of the word, to use the word in reference to this sort
of rebellious behavior is even more insidious. Those who feel like they
are doing something radical, when in reality they are part of the system
that revolution aims to overthrow, are all too common in the belly of
the beast.
This movie takes certain elements of flash mobs and overlaps them with
political action in a way to make them seem more radical and powerful
than they are. Flash mobs as a phenomenon play into people’s desires to
be a part of something bigger than themselves and are a combination of
youthful rebellion and partying. While sometimes used for political
messages as The Mob eventually does, they are generally post-modern
forms of expression with no coherent goals or message. The Mob at least
has the advantage over your standard flash mob for being well-rehearsed
and planned out ahead of time by a dedicated organization, which allows
them to easily focus their work on fighting the developers. While they
had discipline and hard work, their class interests were what kept them
focused on their financial success. The more common flash mob that
brings together random people to a location for a party is
representative of the same class interests. The post-modern art form
takes group action, one of the most powerful tools we have, and makes it
inherently individualistic and unconsolidated, making it a spectacle
itself. It is much easier to mobilize a mass of petty bourgeois youth to
create their own spectacle than it is to exert their power to challenge
the system.
While we know this movie wasn’t trying to enter into serious political
dialogue for solving the world’s problems, there are many people holding
desires for a better world that end up putting their energy and
enthusiasm into self-indulgent dead ends. While dance can be
revolutionary, the revolution will not be a dance party. If changing the
world was all fun and sexy, don’t you think it would have happened by
now?
The 2012 London Olympics are almost upon us and the world waits, holds
their breath even, in anticipation of this most glorious of events which
will surely decide what country can lay claim to the best athletes bar
none.
But take a closer look and you’ll see that the Olympics are in all
actuality nothing more than bourgeois propaganda; a multifaceted
cultural and ideological weapon of the international bourgeoisie in
which they pretend that the world isn’t divided into oppressor and
oppressed nations. Through the institution of the Olympics the
international bourgeoisie seeks to make us believe that the entire humyn
species is all living in harmony as equal members of one big happy
family, and that the nations of the world co-exist peacefully as if all
are members of one big “global village” with the exception of some
“rogue states.” Nothing however could be further form the truth! Part of
that truth being that the Olympics are really just another synonym for
this “global village” construct, a construct used to white-wash reality.
The term and concept of what the petty-bourgeoisie ideologues have
deemed “global village” and what the big bourgeoisie have in turn
labeled more correctly as “globalization” can be more appropriately
elaborated and defined as “…a supra class, supranational and
universalist process of irresistible all around homogenization of the
world under the auspices of monopoly capitalism, through the
multilateral agencies (United Nations (UN), International Monetary Fund
(IMF), World Bank (WB/IBRD) and World Trade Organization (WTO)) and the
multinational or transnational firms and banks.”(1)
But this ain’t no nit-wit critique of the process of globalization per
the mythical “99%,” who aren’t 99% of anything but more like part of the
top 13% of the richest people in the world!(2) No, this is a critique of
the “global village” construct which has its origin rooted in
petty-bourgeois ideology just like the “99%,” and which is but a
rephrasing of that same process of “globalization” from the
international bourgeoisie, as if both the exploiters and exploited are
all in the global struggle for humynity together! But we communists know
this construct and its material reality by its original name:
imperialism!
As previously stated, the Olympics don’t just serve to gloss over
national and class contradictions on a global scale. They also serve as
an extension and propagation of bourgeois ideology a la “human nature,”
i.e. that always inherent drive to compete.
Indeed, the Olympics serve to keep both the masses of the world and the
more progressive wing of the enemy population distracted from the harsh
reality of imperialist society (as do professional sports in general).
The reality is that the imperialists are on a global rampage in which
they’re voraciously and ruthlessly raping and plundering the oppressed
people of the world and their national territories, i.e. Latin America,
Africa and Asia (the Third World). The lie that is the concept of the
“global village” exaggerates “…the coherence of the world capitalist
system to the point of glossing over the distinction of national modes
of production”(1) and its main proponents are in the oppressor states:
the industrialized and ethnologically developed countries, the First
World, principally the United $tates.
Furthermore, “globalization”/imperialism pretends that the dismantling
of national barriers to the operation of capital markets and finance
capital brings progress to the Third World or “developing economies”
whilst the idealistic and naive petty-bourgeoisie of both the
imperialist countries and the Third World believe it. But the truth of
the matter is that the “…counterproductive character of neocolonialism
is the result of imperialist financing for the overproduction of raw
materials and some manufactures for the consumption of the capitalist
countries and the upper classes in the underdeveloped countries since
the 70s.”(1)
On top of this, the popularization of the global village concept isn’t
just done by the bourgeoisie. This fake global concept is even
propagated by so-called “communists” principally in the First World thru
the guise of revisionist trickery!
On the one hand we have the barefaced bourgeoisie who uses these
concepts to deny Lenin’s formulation of imperialism and proletarian
revolution, saying that it belongs to the past and that the current
neocolonial system is a “post-imperialist phenomenon,” as if imperialism
and all its tools of oppression and exploitation have all but withered
away!
On the other hand we have the so-called and sometimes self-proclaimed
“Maoists” in the First World who are really nothing but
crypto-Trotskyists that spread the false notion, correctly criticized by
MIM, that “…the world proletarian revolution can only be the result of a
simplified struggle between a globally united monopoly bourgeoisie and
the world proletariat and that the total collapse of the unified
imperialism is impending despite the current state of the subjective
forces of the revolution in the world.”(1)
We must take the time to study and analyze the world around us and its
history thru the historical materialist perspective and from the point
of view of the oppressed and exploited Third World masses. We need to
look at the two great socialist projects of the 20th century. The first
was born from the First World War and strong proletarian leadership, and
the second was born of the Second World War and strong peasant backing
which gave further credence and elaboration to the importance of
national liberation and the correct theory that socialism can only be
accomplished one country at a time, of which the establishment of the
USSR should have proved to the muddle-headed. This study makes clear
that the global village/globalization concept that the bourgeoisie uses
to deceive the masses and the world is the same theory the revisionists
use to accomplish the aims of their bourgeois brethren.
So when you’re watching the Olympics this summer remember two things: 1)
The world isn’t one big happy family. It is divided into oppressor and
oppressed nations. This is the principal contradiction on a world scale,
while the fundamental contradiction on a world scale is the bourgeoisie
vs. the proletariat. The Olympics are nothing but the vain attempts of
the international bourgeoisie, and imperialist states to whom they are
bound, to cover up national and class contradictions and to white-wash
reality so that we will confuse the true prize of national liberation,
self-determination and complete emancipation from the imperialists for
gold medals. 2) Just as the global village construct of the
petty-bourgeoisie that dominates that class is a myth and a lie, so is
the global village thesis of the crypto-Trotskyists (simultaneous world
revolution) which they’ve specifically tailored to their purposes. It is
an ideological weapon of the revisionists used to fool the oppressed
nations within U.$. borders into believing that we need not seek
national liberation and self-determination for ourselves because
according to them all nationalism is bourgeois in essence and “the whole
world comes first!”
Lenin, Stalin and Mao all took clear positions on the national question
which was liberty at its core; so why can’t the First World
“communists”? Ask yourself this, go into deep thought, study the
question and you will be enlightened ten-fold.
On July 7, 2012 a kite was passed to me, and it read as follows:
“I might be in some trouble. You don’t know me and this is going to
blow your mind. If I die in the next day Sr. Menendez in Unit 11 is
responsible and probably the warden too. They are going to use inmates
to do it. I threatened the warden with letters to the health department
about blatant violations in the culinary and the way they do laundry and
other things they are getting away with in here. If you hear of an
inmate dying in the next couple of days don’t let my death go in vain.”
Without addressing the veracity of this communication, it is disturbing
for a number of reasons (aside from the obvious). First and foremost is
the specter of the state’s use of inmates (and I use “inmates” here in
the most specifically derogatory and anti-revolutionary sense of the
term) to do their bidding. That a prisoner who sought to expose an evil
visited upon us all would then have to fear reprisal from fellow targets
of the evil, at the direction of the oppressor, is treachery of a
singularly despicable character. (This is nothing new, but its nature
has become more dominant, as is discussed below.) This is aside from the
actual violation of our most fundamental constitutional and human
rights, the subsequent retaliation for exposing this malfeasance of
prison officials and the complete and utter disregard and contempt for
human dignity.
This “tool” culture is becoming increasingly prevalent. Today, not only
do we revolutionary and activist prisoners have to combat the oppressors
themselves, but we must overcome their minions within the ranks of the
oppressed as well – we must be ever vigilant against their agents among
us. Not in the ordinary sense of infiltrators and narcs, but a whole
culture of puppets, sympathizers and panderers intoxicated by
imperialist fictions. What is truly frightening about this new breed of
traitor is this fact: they want no recompense for their treachery. They
believe in the rightness of the betrayal. They believe in the rightness
of their loyalty to the oppressor, the enemy. These “people” are not
seeking gain. They are an enemy cadre, steeped in enemy thought and
ideology. They are (in the truest sense) patriotic Amerikkkans.
Doubtless, the state creates deprivations and uses these deprivations as
bargaining chips to enlist the aid of petty snitches and unsavories of
all types. That is never going to change in or out of prison. That is
not the same animal. What is named here is a devoted enemy, an
unrecognized and unofficial extension of the state in both thought and
deed.
We must be aware of this counter-revolutionary element and be prepared
to deal with them as they arise. There is increased urgency for A) the
unification of all revolutionaries and activists regardless of race,
religion, gender, custody, set or hood; B) critical analyses of the
battle field without set mentalities; and C) application of the
principles and theory which arise out of critical analyses. We must
rethink our strategies and possibly our associations and act based upon
what we have been taught by our conditions, not by what we feel or
desire. The local conditions as applied to the global struggle should
advise us – not predilection.
The only reason why we have remained oppressed is the enemy’s effective
and continuous infiltration and dis-empowerment. It is the enemy’s
ability to disunite and exploit this disunity, which provides them with
a critical advantage. These are textbook guerrilla tactics which
continue to work and reinforce the need for a steel-willed revolutionary
vanguard. As such, we must immediately re-evaluate our objectives and
tactical assessments, and evolve to meet the pale of the enemy. This
requires that we take a long hard look at our environment and account
for this emerging class of “enemy combatants.”
A friend of the enemy is still an enemy.
MIM(Prisons) responds: We recently announced
a day of
solidarity for the United Front for Peace in Prisons, which in part
is about promoting the five principles to discourage the kind of petty
back-biting where prisoners will sell out for small favors from the
pigs. But this comrade brings up a good point, that not all prisoners
can be won over. The divisions created by the oppressors are not just
individuals bought off to carry out individual reactionary acts in
exchange for favors, but also individuals who buy in to the Amerikan
political ideology and truly support imperialism as a system. Both
groups are dangerous to the movement. We must protect ourselves from
these people, both by trying to turn them to the side of the oppressed
while exposing them and avoiding their traps and aggression.
Supporters on the outside can use these two-sided, quarter sheet fliers
to let the people know about the Day of Solidarity being organized
across U.S. prisons for September 9, 2012. Just click the image above to
download the PDF, print them out, cut them up and hand them out. Don’t
leave it to the bourgeois media to report on and define this movement.
I’m writing to contribute to the continuing exposure of the California
Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR)’s corrupt
capitalist-imperialist system locking up human beings in long-term
solitary confinement for decades.
As we know, the anniversary of the
1st hunger
strike just passed 1 July 2012. We must remember the three soldados
who lost their lives in this battle for our basic human rights and to
end all indefinite isolation units (SHUs and Ad-Segs).
And to all who participated and those who gave and continue to give us
moral support over our torturous and inhumane conditions of being
segregated and placed in solitary confinement, known as CDCR’s SHUs and
Ad-Segs “Crypts”, indefinitely with no rights or due process.
It’s also very important we don’t forget about the women and girls
locked up in women prisons, Central California Women’s Facility
Chowchilla, Valley State Prison for Women, California Institution for
Women, White Oaks, CRC, etc. I can’t imagine the hardships and torturous
conditions these women/girls have to endure. I would bet my life on it
that thousands of these women/girls are also locked away in isolation
confinement crypts. So let’s walk side by side with our equal
counterparts women and girls who are being isolated to indefinite SHUs,
where concerns around living conditions of mental/physical torturous
behavior fall on deaf ears.
I know this first hand because I’ve been in solitary confinement
indefinitely since 1993 and counting. All we’re asking for is to be
treated as humans. Our
5
core demands are very reasonable.
But as the world now knows, California CDCR continues to deny that we
are human by placing us in their “crypts” based on lies and making it a
priority that we don’t get basic necessities: medical, mental health
treatment, human contact with our family, and sunlight.
I ask everyone who is a part of this struggle to join the fight to
eliminate unjust solitary confinement.
The prisoncrats will never admit they are terrorist dictators who are
allowed to run California’s prisons with no honest oversight or
accountability for their terrorist ideology, behavior and actions. They
falsely use so-called “prison security concerns” to label thousands of
human beings as prison gang members or associates to justify decades of
isolation practices.
Attorney Peter Schey, from the Center for Human Rights and
Constitutional Law, has filed a petition to the United Nations
concerning our solitary confinement. There is also a separate federal
civil rights action in motion. This will take time, as we know how the
court system operates.
Don’t give up hope, this is gonna be a long battle and journey. A lot of
us are stuck in these “crypts” until real change comes. It’s up to us to
protect the new generation - so they don’t have to go through torturous
inhumane isolation.
Myself and the Revolutionary Order I am co-organizing would like to
formally join the United Front/USW. We recognize the 5 principles as
essential and they are also woven into and throughout our structure.
We are WOMMB (Warrior’s Order Mobilized for Maximum Building) and we’re
focused on personal/social liberation and personal/social re-building,
beginning with ourselves and fellow prisoners. Our methods and
curriculum will center on rites of passage and initiatory values and
structures. We aim to awaken the population, instill discipline, build
character and destroy the bourgeois/slave identity. There are codes of
conduct to voluntarily follow and a host of topics to be studied and
mastered.
I will enclose our communique and 5 point plan/mission statement so that
you will have a complete understanding of our position and goals.
We are seeking a relationship/partnership of solidarity, mutual
assistance and collective planning and organizing. We would like to know
more about MIM(Prisons) and how we can be of service.
We here at Wayne in Goldsboro, NC just received the invite to join the
solidarity demonstration, and certain individuals will partake. Not all
persons are willingly sacrificial, through lack of guidance and
direction. For this reason I am asking for educational material to study
and distribute through these dismal crypts.
We as politically conscious soldiers in this great struggle have a large
task of making aware the fuckery that the great imperialists are doing
through disenfranchisement and psychological warfare known as
censorship.
Based on a suggestion from a USW comrade in California, we have
reformatted all the petitions for the grievance petition campaign. The
new format makes it easy for prisoners to persynalize each petition, and
to provide clear examples of the experiences they’ve had with the broken
grievance system in their state. These are details some prison
administrators have asked for in their responses to the petitions
they’ve received.
We also incorporated all addresses for who should receive copies of the
petition right onto the petition itself. This way people don’t have to
worry about keeping track of two pieces of paper (one with the address,
and one with their signature).
Besides these significant changes in the quality of information the
petitions now provide, the campaign has spread a lot in recent months.
New petitions have been created for
Montana,
Oregon,
and
Nevada,
to add to the already active states of
Arizona,
California,
Colorado,
North
Carolina,
Oklahoma,
and
Texas.
The petitions can be downloaded and printed by people on the outside by
clicking on each state’s name above. You should send the petition to
your prisoner contacts (with extra copies if you can!) who are having
their voices and complaints quashed by prison authorities. The ability
to have grievances addressed has a direct impact on the day-to-day
living conditions of prisoners, can help to hold prison authorities
accountable for their actions, and even affects one’s ability to take an
issue to court if necessary.