MIM(Prisons) is a cell of revolutionaries serving the oppressed masses inside U.$. prisons, guided by the communist ideology of Marxism-Leninism-Maoism.
www.prisoncensorship.info is a media institution run by the Maoist Internationalist Ministry of Prisons. Here we collect and publicize reports of conditions behind the bars in U.$. prisons. Information about these incidents rarely makes it out of the prison, and when it does it is extremely rare that the reports are taken seriously and published. This historical record is important for documenting patterns of abuse, and also for informing people on the streets about what goes on behind the bars.
This year Tennessee banned all forms of slavery in the state. Now I’m
trying to find out how to fight to get fair wages for work. If you can
send info on how to fight that, that would be great.
A Florida Prisoner writes: Do you guys know the
steps California prisoners took to gain their liberation from being
treated as slaves under the 13th Amendment of the Constitution? I need
to know the steps they took because I would like to initiate these same
steps in the Florida prison system to see if we can also gain our
liberation under the 13th.
A Texas Prisoner writes: This is a plea for us to
come together in a prolonged effort to get the Texas Legislature to end
slavery in Texas by removing the exception clause from the Texas
Constitution. This is what we’re asking each and every one of you to do:
From now until the Texas Legislature convenes, write to your state
Representatives and Senators and ask them to convene a special session
or whatever it takes to remove this clause. You should also write to
Sunset Advisory Commission PO Box 13066 Austin, TX 78711.
Wiawimawo of MIM(Prisons) responds: In the November
2022 elections the vast majority of Tennessee voters voted to amend
their state constitution to read:
“Slavery and involuntary servitude are forever prohibited. Nothing in
this section shall prohibit an inmate from working when the inmate has
been duly convicted of a crime.”
We print the first two comrades’ questions for others to answer.
We’ve been asking for years what the point of these campaigns to amend
the Constitution is? How does this get us closer to liberation, not to
mention just benefiting prisoners in the short-term? An attempt to
search for increases in prisoner wages in Tennessee just brings up
articles on massive increases in C.O. pay (prior to the above
amendment).
As for California, the Constitution still says slavery is okay for
the convicted felon. So there’s been no “liberation” in that regard.
California prisoners are required to work or engage in other programs
deemed rehabilitative by the state. While California legislators have
cited cost concerns for not supporting amending the Constitution, it is
not clear that states that have changed their constitutions in this
regard have had financial impacts (especially by requirements to pay
prisoners higher wages).
If our readers have information to the contrary or examples of these
campaigns leading to anything, please write up an article for
ULK. But we know from a historical materialist understanding
that slavery has only been ended through class struggle, not by voting
or writing your Senator.
On 20 October 2023 I filed a complaint challenging the
constitutionality of the Texas Prison Administration’s contracting with
a private sector, for-profit company in Dallas, Texas to digitalize
all TDCJ-CID prisoner’s incoming personal/general
correspondence and photographs for posting to the SecurusTech tablets
issued to us in May 2023. I paid the full filing fee as well as the
administrative and service fees.
I submit this information and the following to ULK for the following
reasons:
To seek unity across state and federal prison systems currently
under digitalized mail policies.
To provide fellow prisoners in all prison facilities with details
on my challenge to digitalized mail so that we can coordinate a
nationwide attack, and perhaps get an inter-state class action lawsuit
that will be moved to the u.$. Supreme Court.
To hopefully secure a Pro Bono assistance of attorney to ensure
all the bases are covered.
While I was able to cover the initial $500 cost to file the complaint
by sacrificing renewal of several magazine subscriptions and commissary
“luxuries”, I do not have the financial ability to hire counsel or
investigative resources, nor any further admin fees so I am going to
need help.
The complaint’s Constitutional challenge relies on numerous First and
Fourteenth Amendment issues of freedom of speech and due process, to
wit:
1. Exaggerated Response:
TDCJ-CID administration claims the ban on physical mail is to stop
the drugs/contraband that come through USPS mail. However, physical
mail may account for less than 1% of incoming drug contraband, and
such drug-laced articles of mail can be easily detected, isolated, and
removed using the K-9 drug detection units that are maintained on every
TDCJ-CID unit. Everyone, including the prison administration,
knows that almost 100% of the drugs and contraband that enters prison
facilities gets in through one of only three ways:
A. Corrupt admin/security employees.
B. Outside trustees picking up “drop” packets outside the security
fence and bringing or passing them to inside trustees.
C. Private sector deliveries to the prison (kitchen and office
supplies, or vendors for guards’ food orders and commissary supplies)
having “special” cartons containing hidden contraband.
Yet, the prison administration takes almost no measures to check
these primary sources for drugs/contraband.
2.
“Chilling” and/or blocking legitimate freedom of speech and
expression:
As a published op-ed columnist and essayist whose work has appeared
in two syndicated newspapers, and on several internet sites that are
operated by 501.3-c organizations, my readers range from Junior High
students to nursing home residents, Democrats, Republicans, members of
every other political party, housewives, secretaries, police officers
and bartenders.
Often my readers want to write me but the venues I am published in
rarely publish contact info, so readers google me to find out I am
confined at a certain prison facility then google the facility to
determine its address then send their letters to me there.
Prior to the digital mail policy, I received their letters (about
8-12 per week). After the policy, I have received NONE. The unit
mailroom return to sender all “personal/general” mail that comes for a
prisoner without explanation. Hence, this blocks my readers’ letters to
me and “chills” their desire to communicate (they probably think I
refused their letters). Students and the elderly who write me often
don’t know to go to the prison website to check correspondence
rules.
3. Denial of
due process prior to restriction of mail:
I am a Naturist. I don’t use drugs, nor have I ever had anything to
do with drugs. I have never been accused of, charged with, nor
found guilty on any drug-related behavior in any
administrative or criminal hearing, and have never been accused
of or found guilty of smuggling/attempting to smuggle or posses
“contraband.” That is, yet.
Without any form of due process I have been denied my lawful
privilege and right to receive property sent to me (i.e. the physical
letters and photos).
Physical letters and photographs have a sentimental “keepsake” value
beyond any monetary valuation.
The u.$. Supreme and lower courts have held uniformly that
copies/digital images of a document/photograph are not the same
as the original. Ergo, sending me or any prisoner digital copies of
their letters and photos (or even copies) is not giving them
the property their letters/photos constitute.
The u.$. Constitution requires a due process seizure hearing before
government can seize a citizen’s persynal property, whether that
property is land, a vehicle, or an article of mail having value to the
citizen.
Note: If the government, at such a hearing, can produce legitimate
evidence that I have attempted to smuggle contraband/drugs through the
USPS mail into the prison, then and only then would it be legally
justified in enforcing a “digital mail only” rule upon me.
4. The digital
mail “blanket” policy is overly broad:
The number of prisoners who attempt to smuggle drugs/contraband
through the USPS mail is minuscule. 99% of prisoners would never even
consider such a foolish act. Even prisoners who use and traffic drugs
and other contraband generally don’t use the mail because (a) the volume
of drugs that can fit in a letter doesn’t justify the risk and (b) it’s
much easier to get large amounts of drugs brought in by one of the other
venues.
All the digital mail policy does is punish hundreds of thousands of
prisoners who don’t smuggle drugs or contraband in the first place. It’s
analogous with fining the entire town’s citizens for excessive noise
because there’s one “pothead rocker” playing eir stereo too loud.
Most prisoners use the USPS mail in a legal, rule abiding manner and
never try to smuggle through the mail. First and Fourteenth Amendment
rights are fundamental, and mail digitalizing policies abrogate those
rights in an overly broad and exaggerated response to a security issue
that would be more easily (and economically) dealt with in a less
intrusive manner.
These four points (and their consequential points) are the primary
basis of my complaint.
Do prison authorities have a legal right to impose and enforce mail
digitalizing for security reasons? Yes. But only in a reasonable manner
necessary to address the specific security problem without punishing
prisoners who are not a party to the problem. Officials can not punish
innocent prisoners nor strip them of constitutional rights merely
because a tiny fraction of the prison population is causing a
problem.
So if anyone wants to get on board to help get this issue litigated
properly, get in touch with me ASAP. Today is 18 November 2023, don’t
delay.
A comrade at Bridgeport Unit reports: I would like to
inform you of a change in the Law Library Holding list as of November
2023 the Law Library has taken the PD-22 Rules of Conduct out of the Law
Library. It seems as if any ammunition we can use to fight with they
want to destroy it somehow. The other problem is this digital mail is
taking forever to get to one’s tablet. I have received numerous letters
that are 2.5 to 3 months old. This has become a problem for many. I did
receive newsletter #83 in the month of November 2023.
MIM(Prisons) adds: We have reported on the history
of censorship of TDCJ’s own documents in previous issues. While we
had encouraged comrades inside to challenge this legally, one comrade
has informed us that ey believes this to be a faulty strategy. We are
not lawyers, so we provide these ideas for consideration:
TDCJ has the discretion to withhold, or delay, any administrative
documents they may or may not deem to be challengeable in public
information act. There is a logical reason behind certain
“administrative documents” not to be made available for Texas residents
(i.e. friends and families, including incarcerated prisoners off of
general population). I’m sure by now that these certain “administrative
documents” are not censored. For items or certain materials that are
being withheld – whether it be a policy, procedure, regulation, or rule
– it is a fact that a governmental department is not obligated to
disclose public information. Governmental departments are obligated to
disclose public information at the requestor for inspection and review.
See Tex. Gov’t Code, Sec. 552.221 through Sec. 552.235. They are not
censoring. They are REMOVING it. Trickery word.
Filing lawsuits in federal court pertaining to the items or materials
being complained under the claim of censorship is supporting and
encouraging those administrative suits in being DISMISSED (or dismissed
with prejudice). Giving away $350-$400 for free without meaningful merit
to be heard or read…
Please refer incarcerated people in Texas to search out an author by
the name of Raymond E. Lumsden on numerous books: The Pro Se Section
1983 Manual; The Habeas Corpus Manual; Ask, Believe, Receive; The Pro Se
Guide to Legal Research & Writing, etc. These books are available
from Amazon, Barnes and Noble and FreebirdPublishers.com.
A comrade in Allred Unit reported: Just today I
received your mail confirmation letter via my tablet. The letter is
dated 14 September 2023, so it is taking over 2 months to get our mail
and we cannot print it out. TDCJ rules on Digital Mail say that if a
document requires an inmate’s signature it is supposed to be sent to the
unit’s Law Library. I doubt that they will give it to us if it is not
legal work though. They would not allow applications from transition
houses in until recently “Forgiven Felons” got permission to send theirs
in.
MIM(Prisons) adds: The digital mail is making it harder
for us to even track censorship by not allowing prisoners to fill out
and return forms, not to mention blocking opportunities for support upon
release!, or receive notices from the institution as described below.
A comrade at Ferguson Unit reported: When you sent the
ULK 82 & 83 bulk mailings they initially denied them entry, without
giving me notice. They don’t even send such institutional forms like
that via regular mail, it went electronic and i don’t have a tablet
since September so i didn’t even know until early December when i
finally got them to budge and print out the electronic mail. This mail
shit is absolutely showcasing the inadequacy of these state actors and
the exploitative corporations (Securus/JPay).
Warriors in White, a non-profit org supporting restorative
justice wrote: Our newsletter was blanket-banned across the
entire TDCJ system due to a change in mail policy, which required all
mail to be sent to a central mail processing facility. This new policy
was approved on 23 June 2023 but not updated in unit law libraries until
4 August 2023. No reason has been provided. At the end of October 2023,
we received clearance and approval to again distribute the newsletter.
But again, no reason for denial, and no notification for denials and
newsletters returned has ever been provided.
Secondly, all TDCJ residents now rely on Securus tablets to receive
mail. As of the end of October 2023, most are still receiving mail
postmarked throughout August into the first week of September 2023. TDCJ
policy clearly states all mail is to be processed within 72 hours (3
days), through the mail processing facility.
According to the TDCJ Mail System Coordinator, there is a staff
shortage at the facility. Additionally, MSC has claimed they were
unprepared for the amount of mail received at the new facility. This is
quite hard to believe, when the TDCJ, in decades past, has logged
every single piece of mail through its system both on computer
and in paper log books.
According to the TDCJ Ombudsman, all mail is being processed within
the 3 day limit and there are no staff shortages at the mail processing
facility. According to Securus, they are unaware of any mail processing
problems, and that “all mail is processed within 5 days unless it
includes photos or pictures, in which case it may take a little
longer.”
Further, the TDCJ is clamping down on peer-to-peer legal assistance.
If you have a Securus tablet which receives programming from the Freedom
Radio Legal Show on 106.5 The Tank, that info has been banned from the
tablet due to overwhelming listener response. While gratefully received,
TDCJ will no longer accept requests, etc. addressed to the legal show,
one of a long list of new restrictions. So if you sent a newsletter
request to Freedom Radio for a Warriors In White newsletter
subscription, the Polunsky Unit mailroom has been destroying all
requests since the beginning of June 2023 to the present. If you know
someone who applied for the newsletter please resend your request to
WIW-DOM PO Box 301, Huntsville, TX 77342. Please do not send legal
questions to the PO Box as we are not ready for those yet.
MIM Distributors published my article ‘Programming/Mental
Health Denied as Drug Cartel Runs CA Prison’ in ULK 82, to
highlight correctional officers’ (C/Os) direct involvement in the
constant infestation of drugs in the California Department of
Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) Richard J. Donovan Correctional
Facility (RJDCF). In April 2023, I went a step further by bypassing
CDCR’s inmate grievance process in order to catch a C/O in the act of
distribution.
You see, CDCR’s departmental operations manual (DOM) at Section
31140.6.2, regards felonious conduct like drug smuggling in a state
correctional facility as ‘Category II’ serious employee misconduct
investigated by the Office of Internal Affairs (OIA).
I figured undisputed evidence directly to OIA would not only prevent
a coverup inside the prison, but also save lives of those addicted to
using while confined based on accessibility, and maybe even a citizen
faced with some newly released parolee on the prowl to maintain a drug
high fostered therein.
I used my influence and social status with their prisoners as an
investigative tool to uncover one C/O’s method of smuggling. Once I
monitored and confirmed the C/O’s pattern practice, including specific
inmates receiving drug shipments, I recorded the exact date, time, and
location consistent with audio video security surveillance (AVSS) and
body worn camera (BWC) footage installed thanks to the current
Armstrong v. Newsom N.D. (94-CV-02307 CW) injunction.
Late April 2023, I completed and mailed my findings on the attached
CDCR approved DOM Section 31140.6.2 Category II OIA form, directly to
the OIA, emphasizing concern over my safety, requesting therefore to
remain anonymous. However, on about 28 June 2023, OIA Senior Special
Agent Michael Newman forwarded my reported findings and identity back to
RJDCF Warden James Hill in the attached correspondence “For Appropriate
Handling” which commence first with the involved C/O immediate cease of
all drug shipments in my specific housing unit.
Then came direct scowls and open unwillingness to address housing
needs or issues followed by rumors within the prison population of me
being a “snitch on C/O’s”.
And finally, as drug withdrawal riled up many addicts’ moods from
days and weeks without fix, one mustered the boldness to confront me on
behalf of the involved C/O, on a rant like some four legged creature
foaming from fangs, blaming me for his forced clean and sober
reality.
While I no longer advocate or impose violence, I am no stranger to
such since I could fuck and fight before I could read and write. I’d
like to think that not sensing fear sent the man beast on his way,
disappointing the gazing C/O who not only stood watching the entire
antic, but set the whole play in motion.
Meanwhile, my DOM section 31140.6.2 reported findings was converted
into an inmate grievance, log #459686, then intentionally delayed until
all AVSS and BWC footage evidence was purged. Once so, RJDCF reviewing
authority M. Palmer issued the attached grievance response discrediting
me as some liar or one who simply made up this whole event.
Initially, I found it courageous and heroic to risk my own personal
safety, maybe even my life, to rid the prison environment of drugs by
exposing not merely the problem, but more so, the reason this problem
exists and persists. I always thought with the right facts and evidence
I could make a huge difference, but now I realize that stopping drugs in
prison is as futile as Ronald Reagan’s war on drugs campaign.
That’s because, many officials I turned to turned out to be those who
want drugs inside prison, and rather than utilize resources and power to
target C/O’s who introduce drugs into prison, these officials opt to use
their resources and power to target the very individual bringing
detailed facts to their attentions.
To me, a sacrifice is only grand should it effect change in better
for those who follow. With the extent of CDCR’s decay, this type of
exposure is pure suicide, or positions one to be forced to homicide, and
whether the former or latter, when it’s all said and done, drugs will
continue to be made available to those in prison who want them until and
unless these prisons are closed down.
MIM(Prisons) responds: We agree that the actions this
comrade took to fight state-sponsored drug trafficking was brave. It is
also brave for the comrade to look at the effects of these actions, draw
lessons from them, and be self-critical in front of the movement as a
whole. This is a good example of learning through practice, and by
sharing these stories we can all learn from each others’ practice.
We can also see how the campaign to combat drug addiction in prisons
is tied to the campaign to “Stop Collaborating” among prisoners. These
state-employed drug dealers are using other prisoners to attack those
who speak up. These collaborators, accusing others of “snitching” on
pigs, are enemies of the people. The pigs are professional snitches. To
use the state to stop abuses within the state as this comrade attempted
to do, is an honorable, if sometimes futile, thing to do.
As futile as this comrade’s risks taken were in the immediate term,
we are not quite so pessimistic on the prospect of ending drugs in
prison. As we’ve discussed many times, it is by building a community in
righteous struggle for justice that we can best provide the antidote to
addiction. While prisoners across the country are writing to us about
the dire conditions currently, we can look to the history of socialist
China, which was ravaged with widespread opium addiction across the
population just decades before liberating themselves from imperialism
establishing a socialist state, and ending addiction in the country for
decades to come. No small task for sure, but not impossible.
While those fighting addiction feel isolated now, through the pages
of Under Lock & Key we can see that there are more of you
then you realize, and we can continue to share these lessons and build
successful strategies to help the masses overcome drug addiction.
In Under Lock & Key 83, my article Ruchell
Magee was published with the line:
“He would later impregnate her before his demise, with a son his
mother would deny. A son that would grow into a polar opposite of George
Jackson.”
This was a mistake as i intended to write that Jonathan Jackson’s son
looks like a polarized version of George Jackson. This was merely a
reference to the son’s appearance.
The illegal, inhumane, and barbaric war of genocide taking place
against the people of Palestine must be addressed from a historical
perspective without fear of retaliation or being “white balled” by the
white supremacist and neo-fascist power structure.
FEAR = False Evidence Appearing Real, and there is nothing more false
than the Khazarian Settler-KKKolony in Northeast Afrika (Canaans)
posturing as the descendants of the ancient Israelites and committing
mass genocide against its melanated population.
Revolutionaries, community activists, and all good-hearted people
cannot afford to tiptoe around this issue. To continue to call these
people “Israel” is to continue to perpetuate a blatant lie and become
co-conspirators to one of the greatest frauds and identity thefts in
modern day history. They are not Israelites and have no historical
connection to the land. They are invaders who have seized control of the
major means of production – backed by U.$. and British imperialism – and
turned Palestine into a neo-KKKolony where its people must fight for
their national liberation and self-determination. Just as AmeriKKKa is
an imperialist empire consisting of neo-KKKolonies fighting for their
self-determination from their invaders, conquerors, and oppressors,
Palestinians are doing the same.
These invaders, like every other rapist, abuser, and tyrant, have the
audacity to blame the victim for their victimization when they decide to
stand up straight so that their oppressor falls off their back. They
claim everything was going well until several members of Hamas decided
to invade their territory and kidnap and murder dozens of innocent
“Israeli” children, wimmin and men. I’m pretty sure all rapists think
that their savage actions are going well until their victim gets hold of
something to defend themselves, and fight back!
History is often defined by its conquerors, and especially when that
conqueror is in control of the propaganda networks, they are able to
shape the narrative for the future generations to come. These Khazarians
are no exception! We must collectively, through international
solidarity, diametrically oppose the systemic lie that they have
introduced to the world through religion, geo-politikkks, the
mis-education system, and the media.
The falsification of consciousness is so prevalent that they have
conceived the world that people can actually be anti-semetic against
them, when in fact:
There isn’t even a son named “Sem” in all of the Torah. Noah had
three sons: Shem, Khem, and Japheth.
“Ashkenaz”, a name which at least 90% of these modern day
Khazarians identify themselves as, are descendants of Japeth
(Gen. 20:2-3), Since they, by their own admission, are not Shemitic
(descendant from Shem’s bloodline, not “religion”), no one can possibly
be “anti-shemetic”, “anti-semetic” or whatever else you want to call
it.
Words matter. Historical materialism matters. “Anti-semetic” is a
politikkkal term they’ve developed in order to prevent those who become
conscious of their international zionist agenda from speaking out or
engaging in the growing struggle against kkkapitalist exploitation and
white supremacy of which they are dead at the center of.
Khazarians in 740 began to practice much of the spiritual discipline,
culture, and way of life of the Hebrew Israelites. History reveals that
prior to this decision these Khazarians were already at war with Arabs
and Muslims from 642-652 and again from 722-739 in what is called the
“Arab-Khazarian Wars”.
When the Khazarian Kingdom began to decline, the national identity of
the Khazarian people got absorbed by other European nations that they
amalgamated into, but holding on to the only thing that would always be
able to identify them no matter where they ended up so that one day they
could come back together and resurrect their Khazarian empire:
“Ashkenazi Judaism”.
During the Moorish rulership of Southern Spain, the great Hebrew
Israelite chief minister of the Caliph of Cordova, a diplomat, scholar,
physicians, and financial advisor, Hasdai Ibn Shaprut, shared multiple
correspondences with King Joseph of Khazaria where Joseph admits that
his bloodline and that of the Khazarian people go back to Japheth not
Shem!
The reason this is so important to point out is because it destroys
the lie that they are some “chosen people” based on spiritual text, with
some divine rights of dictatorship over Afrikan people and other people
of color. What is going on in Northeast Afrika is not a war between the
“white” descendants of Isaaq and the “black” descendants of Ishmael – it
is a war for national liberation against foreign domination… period!
They have perverted the text and twisted it for their own opportunistic
benefit.
To continue to allow this to go unchecked and label people who are
actually descendants of Abraham “anti-semetic” – rather Hebrew Israelite
and Hebrew Khemite – will allow those who are actually being
“anti-shemetic” to continue to drop hundreds of bombs on innocent people
who just want to be free. Since 7 October 2023, a little over 2 months
ago, the Khazarians have murdered over 20,000 Palestinians! And I
understand the reluctance of some people to speak this truth. The world
has witnessed what these imperialists have done to the Nick Cannon’s, Kanye’s,
and Kyrie’s, not to mention the Afrikans and others who dare to
speak truth to power. But all oppressed people everywhere have a humyn
right to resist KKKolonialism – white supremacy. We have an obligation
to our ancestors and a responsibility to our children to say that
oppression anywhere affects us everywhere!
Whenever Europeans are oppressing people of color, just already
expect them to come up with a clever word in order to cover up their
savagery, while at the same time discouraging you to extinguish the fire
of your revolution. That is what they’ve done, and that is what they
will always do! They will call your response “reverse racism”, “woke
theory”, “anti-semetic”, etc. But as a conscious Hebrew
Israelite and a dedicated New Afrikan revolutionary nationalist, I
say it’s time to call it what it is: Revolutionary Justice!
Wiawimawo of MIM(Prisons) responds: We have much unity
with this comrade’s conclusions regarding the role of I$rael in the
world, and the relationship of oppressed peoples to I$rael as an arm of
the U.$. empire. This article validates some of the things we wrote in
ULK 79 about the overall alliances of the New Afrikan masses
who are followers of Black Hebrew Israelites(1) and in ULK 80
on Kyrie Irving and Ye(fka Kanye West).(2)
We are not scholars of ancient civilizations, and will not try to set
the records straight here on the history of Khazarians. What we do know,
is that similar ideas to those above have been used by conspiracy
theorists who believe that Khazarians have controlled the world for 100s
of years, even calling people like the Bolshevik revolutionaries V.I.
Lenin and Joseph Stalin Khazarian Satanists. Clearly such ideas have
strayed far from historical materialism into the realm of fantasy.
Therefore we caution the author above, and our readers regarding these
ideas.
Certainly there is much to be learned by studying ancient
civilizations. But what we won’t learn is who is controlling things in
our world today and why. And while the bible has historical value, it is
not a document of factual history. I$rael today exists by the grace of
U.$. imperialism and its military industrial complex. We must attack
Zionist oppression, without succumbing to idealistic thinking.
Conspiracy theories that attempt to explain all of history are such
idealistic thinking, that serve to disempower the masses at the hands of
an all-powerful oppressor.
While playing with the words of the fascist conspiracy theorists, the
author above does not fall into these traps in what ey wrote. Ey
correctly points out that European settlers are using anti-semitism as a
shield to their genocidal project in the interests of imperialism. And
we join em on the side of the oppressed nations against imperialism.
1. MIM(Prisons), October 2022,Some Discussions on Bad Ideas
Pt. 1, Under Lock & Key 79. 2. A New York prisoner, January
2023, Sorting Out a Defense of Kyrie Irving, Under Lock & Key
80.
Comrades in MIM(Prisons) and Anti-Imperialist Prisoner Support (AIPS)
have been looking at our last year of practice and planning for 2024. We
want to bring United Struggle from Within (USW) comrades into this
process as we have in the past. So we encourage thoughts and feedback on
the below from our imprisoned readers, especially the questions at the
end.
Starting with the basics, we collectively kept our key operations
running for another year, which is a success in itself. We put out 4
issues of Under Lock & Key on schedule and with positive
responses, processed our prisoner mail in a timely manner, kept our
intro study courses for prisoners running, and sent out monthly
literature orders to prisoners across the country.
Some other accomplishments for 2023 were:
released Second Edition of The Fundamental Political Line of
the Maoist Internationalist Ministry of Prisons
started new level 1 study program based on FPL 2nd
edition
transcribed and edited MIM articles on the Revolutionary
Communist Party(USA) from MIM Theory journals and developed our
own summary analysis of the Revolutionary Internationalist Movement
(RIM) related to the RCP=U$A for a book we plan to release in
2024
relaunched our level 2 study group for prisoners after a few
years of hiatus
expanded our pamphlet on the Great Proletarian Cultural
Revolution in China and began distributing it to prisoners
upgraded and rebuilt our servers
we maintained a weekly study program for more advanced comrades
working with MIM(Prisons) on the outside
While we did not meet our goal of financial contributions from AIPS
comrades, we did see a continued increase in those contributions, so
thanks to those comrades for the vital funding support. However, as we
hinted at in previous issues, we saw a steep drop off in the number and
amount of contributions coming from prisoners in 2023 as seen below.
We are asking for our readers help in investigating this drop. Our
first guess would be that less people are receiving ULK. There
was a corresponding decline in incoming letters over 2023, which meant
less outgoing letters. Though we still mailed out more ULKs
than in 2022, we mailed out less other literature. All of these numbers
seem to indicate a decrease in engagement with prisoners overall. We did
not see a significant decrease in study group participation.
One of our failures for 2023 was to follow through with support for
Texas prisoners, such as: compiling reports for ULK, building
and supporting campaigns, and updating our Texas Campaign Pack. None of
that happened due to one comrade leaving who was leading AIPS efforts in
Texas. Their efforts in 2022 led to an increase in outgoing letters, and
we saw an increase in incoming letters that year seemingly as a result
of the Juneteenth
Freedom Initiative. Then in July 2023, Texas implemented their
digital mail system, which has led to massive delays in prisoners
receiving letters, and much of our literature being rejected because
mailroom staff don’t understand the new system or are using it as an
excuse to censor us. While the decrease in incoming letters from Texas
has continued since that happened, it began well before July. So the
digital mail system certainly doesn’t explain it all.
Another failure for 2023 was our Revolutionary 12 Step Training
course. We want to apologize to the comrades who were keeping up with
their responses to the course. Unfortunately, again, this is a case
where the persyn leading this initiative was not able to follow through.
For now we are considering the training course in that form as done. But
we aspire to relaunch it in the future as we continue to focus on
combating addiction. The Revolutionary 12 Step Program pamphlet
was one of our most distributed items in 2023. And we are encouraging
recipients to report on their efforts at implementing it so we can find
ways to build it.
In 2023 we’ve seen a surge in requests for us to message people
inside electronically through companies the states’ are hiring to run
their digital mail via tablets. Years ago we used to be able to do this.
The early prison email systems were free and accessible. Now they
require credit card information and often for you to install software to
use them. This is not something we are set up to do at this time. So do
not expect us to respond to requests from these state-sponsored
messaging systems in the near future. One comrade in Texas asked why we
don’t have ULK on the tablets. Well, the point of the tablets
is so they can further control and monitor what you read and write. So
we assume that’s never gonna happen, but if you have a way for us to get
on there let us know.
Every recent issue of ULK has listed Spreading ULK as a
campaign to support. In 2024, we need to get serious about that campaign
if we want to keep ULK sustainable and useful. This could be
done by increasing distribution outside of prisons as well. But as the
prison ministry’s primary task is organizing prisoners, we’re asking for
your help in both analyzing what is going on with subscriber numbers and
transforming those numbers. Please take the time to send us your
thoughts on the following questions:
Have you noticed changes in the prison system that have made it
harder for people to subscribe to ULK or less interested in
subscribing?
Have you noticed changes in the prisoner population that have
made people less interested in subscribing?
Have you noticed/heard of people losing interest in ULK
because of the content, or because of the practices of
MIM(Prisons)?
What methods have you seen be successful in getting people
interested in or to subscribe to ULK?
Do you have ideas for how we can increase interest in
ULK in prisons?
18 January 2024 – Today, The Guardian published an article
claiming to have evidence of rape of I$raelis during the October 7th
attack led by Hamas.(1) However, much of the evidence they provide is
the same evidence provided by The New York Times in a similar
article from December that has been largely debunked by The
Electronic Intifada, citing lack of real evidence, claims that have
been countered by the relatives of one alleged victim, and exposing a
prime “witness” for being Zionist a operative who has given inconsistent
accounts of what ey says ey saw.(2)
I$rael, U.$. and British propaganda have been weaponizing gender to
maintain support for the ongoing slaughter of Palestinians of all ages
and genders. This has been their playbook against the Muslim world for
decades, and against oppressed nations for centuries. It is a common
tool of war to demonize and dehumanize the enemy to build support for
violence.
Because Hamas attacked civilians, including a rave full of young,
beautiful people, the images of young, mostly European, wimmin have been
at the forefront of the media since October 7th. Not only are I$raeli
wimmin portrayed very differently than Palestinian wimmin in the
propaganda war, they benefit from a pornographic culture that values
their appearance over that of other peoples of the world. This gives
them real gender power, and gives their images real currency in the
propaganda war.
One of those kidnapped from the rave was the daughter of a
billionaire who built his wealth on the occupation of Palestine. The
BBC strangely titled their article on him, “Eyal Waldman:
Israeli tech billionaire hopes for peace despite daughter’s killing.” In
the article, Waldman seeths about eliminating those who did the attack
and even all of Hamas.(3)
More recently, The Daily Mail featured an “exclusive” on
“The faces of the girls STILL being held by Hamas”. The tabloid style of
The Daily Mail is based on using images of the grotesque and
the sexy to capture attention. Stories such as this have allowed them to
feature both side-by-side.
While at least one order of magnitude more Palestinian young wimmin
have been murdered (not to mention injured, starved, sickened) by I$rael
since October 7th, it is the faces of Euro-I$raelis that we see in
British and U.$. media. Of course this can be explained by imperialist
geo-political interests in the region. But this is also because sex
sells, and young European wimmin are sexy.
MIM gave us the theory of the gender aristocracy to better understand
this dynamic, and how it affects who are our friends and who are our
enemies. The gender aristocracy are the wimmin (and the sexual
minorities, etc) who benefit from and support the patriarchy despite
having the biological characteristics that traditionally put people in
the gender oppressed group under patriarchy. Like the labor aristocracy,
the gender aristocracy expanded and transformed in the era of
imperialism.
MIM Thought points to the material basis of gender in health status,
and the gender aristocracy operating often as a subset of national
oppression. So the young, healthy, strong, beautiful people are the ones
with gender privilege. Tie that with oppressor nation status, and you
have a group of people who have the dual characteristics of being highly
valued as well as considered worthy of protection.
Under patriarchal thinking, the defiling of the nation’s wimmin is
often a higher offense than killing them. So when we compare the capture
of dozens of young Euro-I$raeli wimmin (some who have been murdered) to
the murder of tens of thousands of Palestinians, there is just no
comparison in the eyes of the oppressor. They will happily kill
thousands of more Palestinian men, wimmin and children as revenge for
this ultimate sin.
Even in death we see the privilege and power of the gender
aristocracy whose pictures are spread around and mourned in the
oppressor nations, while the Palestinian wimmin die nameless and
faceless.
We’ve also seen Jewish student groups in the United $tates using
signs in support of LGBTQ people in their counter protests to those
opposing the war on Palestine. This is another example of trying to
unite the oppressor nations around gender issues against the oppressed
nations that has been used against the Arab world for decades.
Despite these efforts, a November Gallup poll showed that Amerikan
wimmin were less supportive of I$rael’s war than men (44% vs 59%).
Bigger gaps were seen by age and nation, however. For age support was
30% for 18 to 34 year olds, 50% for 35 to 54, and 63% for 55 and older.
Many have commented on the different views of I$rael by age and
historical context. But youth interests always differ from the rest, and
we see this contradiction as the principal contradiction within the
Amerikan nation. Within the United $tates we see the principal
contradiction as that between the Amerikan nation and the oppressed
nations. This is reflected in 61% white support for I$raeli war, and 30%
support from the oppressed nations in the poll.(5)
The current upsurge of youth and oppressed nations in response to the
genocide in Gaza is heartening. We must work to organize these forces
into sustainable anti-imperialist organizations. The primary way to do
this is in the battle of ideas and combatting the trickery the
imperialists use to try to win them back over to the side of the
oppressor.
A comrade attending rallies supporting Palestinian resistance to the
I$raeli war distributed ULKs this winter and talked to
attendees. Here are a couple of the interviews ey sent to
ULK.
1.What brought you to this event?
Well, seeing as I am Black and a Christian, I find it important to
come out and demonstrate solidarity with the people of Palestine as I
believe our struggles are connected. Many people tend to see what is
going on in Palestine as a sort of religious conflict, portraying it
simplistically as a conflict between Jews and Muslims. Many Christians
in this country support Israel because the Church tells them to, when in
reality Christians are just as persecuted as Muslims in Palestine. I
mean, they just bombed the Church of Saint Porphyrius – one of the
oldest churches in the world – last night.
2. Do you see any parallels, either current or historical,
between i$rael and the united $tates? if so, can you elaborate?
Yes, I see many parallels actually. The biggest one being that they
are both settler-colonial projects. It is important to remember that in
both cases, the land was not empty when the settlers arrived. Israel has
been waging a war against the Palestinian people in order to clear and
settle the land. When the Europeans came to America, the first thing
they did was wage war against the Indigenous population to do the same
thing. They are both guilty of ethnic cleansing. Think about the Nakba.
Think about The Trail of Tears. In Ohio, they said the land was “too
good for Indians” – similar justifications were made for the initial
Nakba.
I would also say that Israel is almost as racist as the United
States. They have different laws for different people. That’s apartheid.
Zionists call us anti-semetic, yet they treat non-White Jews like
second-class citizens. Look at how they treat Ethiopian and South-East
Asian Jews within their borders. You know they sterilized them in the
1970s and 1980s. Zionism isn’t about Judaism, it’s about white
supremacy. So I think there are very real parallels to draw between
Israel and the United States as they both are rooted in war, ethnic
cleansing, and white supremacy.
3. We promote the right to self-determination of all oppressed
nations from oppressor nations and imperialism more generally. What do
you think about the idea of the oppressed nations (i.e. Chican@/Latin@,
First Nations, New Afrikans, and other Third World Peoples) within the
so-called United $tates breaking from the United $tates in order to
realize self-determination?
I’m not entirely sure if I think it is possible, but I support it.
That said, I am very skeptical. The only feasible way I think that could
happen is if the American Government allows it to happen by carrying it
out themselves, but I really don’t see that happening anytime soon.
4. Finally, what do you think is the best way we could
demonstrate our support and solidarity to the Palestinian people?
I think we could demonstrate our support and solidarity by boycotting
Israeli products and participating in the BDS movement as a whole. By
continuing to protest. By not allowing Israel to participate in soccer.
And by not allowing Israeli academics to sanitize what has happened in
the past 70 years. It is important that we utilize our legal means and
push politicians to support an end to the genocide.
Second Interview
1.What brought you to this event?
I’m here to show support against the repression of Arabs in
Palestine, to demonstrate mass support, and to lift the spirits of
others who find these war crimes unacceptable.
2. Do you see any parallels, either current or historical,
between i$rael and the united $tates? if so, can you elaborate?
Yeah, I see parallels in that they’re settlers, racists, and repress
native populations. But I also see parallels between First Nations and
the Palestinian people – especially in their emancipatory spirit.
**3. We promote the right to self-determination of all oppressed
nations from oppressor nations and imperialism more generally. What do
you think about the idea of the oppressed nations (i.e. Chican@/Latin@,
First Nations, New Afrikans, and other Third World Peoples) within the
so-called United $tates breaking from the United $tates in order to
realize self-determination?
Yeah, of course! The first priority is emancipation of those groups,
even if that means through violence.
4. Finally, what do you think is the best way we could
demonstrate our support and solidarity to the Palestinian people?
I think we can demonstrate our support by continuing to go to these
demonstrations and by showing our support for fringe groups such as
Hamas, PFLP, etc…the militant fighters.
NOTE: PFLP is the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine,
an organization that arose during the Great Proletarian Cultural
Revolution in China, and was one of the Palestinian organizations
greatly influenced by the Maoism of the time. In those early years they
gained notoriety for hijacking airplanes and remain on the U.$.
terrorist list to this day. They took a pan-Arab approach to the
revolution, and co-ordinated with many organizations outside the Arab
world, including providing training to communists from Azania (aka South
Africa). This connection is relevant to why South Africa today has
brought charges of genocide against I$rael to the International Criminal
Court, as well as the fact that Palestinians today are facing the same
apartheid conditions that Africans in South Africa once faced. PFLP took
part in Operation Al-Aqsa Flood on October 7th along with Hamas, Islamic
Jihad, and the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine. The
latter is also a Maoist-inspired group that came out of PFLP.
A comrade in Indiana has drafted the attached petition to address
relevant state officials listed at the end regarding failures in the
grievance system in the Indiana Department of Corrections. Outside
supporters are encouraged to share the petition with contacts inside and
to write the contacts in support of the issues faced by their friends,
comrades and family. Prisoners in Indiana can write us to get copies of
this petition as well as our Federal appeal petition in the case that
the state petition is not effective.
[UPDATED August 2024 to include contacts at Wabash Valley CF]
Tip of the Spear Black Radicalism, Prison
Repression, and the Long Attica Revolt
Orisanmi Burton (Author)
University of California Press
October 2023
“without understanding carceral spaces as zones of undeclared
domestic war, zones that are inextricably linked to imperial and
officially acknowledged wars abroad, we cannot fully understand how and
why the U.S. became the global leader of incarceration that it is
today.” (1)
Tip of the Spear is the story of the organization and flourishing of
resistance to American imperialism as it developed in the New York state
prison system in the 1960s and 1970s, including the time well before the
four days of Attica in 1971. Professor of anthropology Orisanmi Burton
does many things in this book, a lot of which we’ll only be able to
mention briefly or not at all, but MIM(Prisons) has already sent out
many copies of this book and is prepared to send out many more to enable
further study and discussion of Burton’s very worthy research and
ideas.
We are asking our readers to send their own feedback on this book, to
write up their own local histories or stories applying the framework
below, and to popularize this understanding of U.$. prisons as part of
the imperialist war on the oppressed peoples of the world that we must
unite against.
Prisons are War
Burton begins his investigation with George Jackson’s observation
that Black people “were defeated in a war and are now captives, slaves
or actually that we inherited a neoslave existence.” (2) Prison
conditions don’t originate in the law or in ideas but in the historical
fact of defeat in a war that still continues.
But what kind of war is it? One side surrounds the other and forces
it to submit daily, the way that an army laying siege to a city tries to
wear down the resistance of the population. These sieges include not
just starving prisoners of food but of social life, education, and
culture. In maintaining its rule the state uses the tools of
counterinsurgency to split the revolutionary ranks, co-opt the cause and
re-establish its rule on a more secure level. On the other side, the
prisoners have themselves, their ability to unite and organize in
secret, and their willingness to sacrifice for the cause – the
attributes of a guerrilla army. (3)
Burton spends an entire chapter, “Hidden War,” laying out the
strategies the state pursued when its naked brutality failed to prevent
prisoner organization and rebellion. After the smoke cleared at Attica
and wardens, politicians and prison academics had a chance to catch
their breath, they settled on four strategies to prevent another Attica
from happening: (4)
One, prisons were expanded across the state, so that
density was reduced and prisoner organizing could be more effectively
disrupted. If a prisoner emerged as a leader, they could be sent to any
number of hellholes upstate surrounded by new people and have to start
the process all over again. The longer and more intense the game of
Solitaire the state played with them, the better. We see this strategy
being applied to USW comrades across the country to this day.
Prisons were also superficially humanized, the
introduction of small, contingent privileges to encourage division and
hierarchy among prisoners, dull the painful edge of incarceration
somewhat, and dangle hope. Many prisoners saw through it, and Burton
makes the point that the brief periods of rebellion had provided the
only real human moments most prisoners had experienced during their time
inside. For example, Attica survivor, John “Dacajeweiah” Hill described
meeting a weeping prisoner in D yard during the rebellion who was
looking up at the stars for the first time in 23 years. (5) Burton sums
this up: “the autonomous zones created by militant action… had thus far
proven the only means by which Attica’s oppressive atmosphere was
substantially ameliorated.”
Diversification went hand in hand with expansion,
where a wide range of prison experiences were created across the system.
Prisons like Green Haven allowed prisoners to smoke weed and bring food
back to their cells, and permitted activities like radical lectures from
outsiders. At the same time, other prisons were going on permanent
lockdowns and control units were in development.
And finally, programmification presented a way for
prisoners to be kept busy, for outsiders (maybe even former critics of
the prison system) to be co-opted and brought into agreement with prison
officials, and provide free labor to keep the system stable by giving
prisoners another small privilege to look forward to. To this day, New
York, as well as California and other states, require prisoners who are
not in a control unit to program.
All of this was occurring in the shadow of the fact that the state
had demonstrated it would deploy indiscriminate violence, even
sacrificing its own employees as it had at Attica, to restore order. The
classic carrot-and-stick dynamic of counterinsurgency was operating at
full force.
Before Attica: Tombs,
Branch Queens, Auburn
Burton discusses Attica, but doesn’t make it the exclusive focus of
his book, as it has already been written about and discussed elsewhere.
He brings into the discussion prison rebellions prior to Attica that
laid the groundwork, involved many of the same people, and demonstrated
the character of the rebellions overall.
The first was at Tombs, or the Manhattan House of Detention, where
prisoners took hostages and issued demands in the New York Times,
denouncing pretrial detention that kept men in limbo for months or
years, overcrowding, and racist brutality from guards. Once the demands
were published, the hostages were released. Eighty corrections officers
stormed the facility with blunt weapons and body armor and restored
order, and after the rebellion two thirds of the prisoners were
transferred elsewhere to break up organizations, like the Inmate
Liberation Front, that had grown out of Tombs and supported its
resistance. (6) Afterwards, the warden made improvements and took credit
for them. This combination of furious outburst, violent response and
conciliatory reform would repeat itself.
Next Branch Queens erupted, where the Panther 21 had recently been
incarcerated. Prisoners freed them, hung a Pan-Afrikan flag out of a
window, took hostages and demanded fair bail hearings be held in the
prison yard or the hostages would be executed. The bail hearing actually
happened and some of the prisoners who had been in prison for a year for
possibly stealing something were able to walk out. The state won the
battle here by promising clemency if the hostages were released, which
split the prisoners and led to the end of the rebellion. Kuwasi
Balagoon, who would later join the Black Liberation Army, was active in
the organization of the rebellion and learned a lot from his experiences
seeing the rebellion and the repression that followed after the state
promised clemency. (7)
At Auburn Correctional Facility on November 4th, Black prisoners
rebelled and seized hostages for eight hours. Earlier, fifteen Black
prisoners had been punished and moved to solitary for calling for a day
off work to celebrate Black Solidarity Day. After the restoration of
order, more prisoners were shipped away and the remainder were subject
to reprisals from the guards.
In each case, prisoners formed their own organizations, took control,
made demands and also started building new structures to run the prison
for their own benefit – even in rebellions that lasted only a few hours.
After order was restored, the state took every opportunity to crush the
spirits and bodies of those who had participated. All of this would
repeat on a much larger scale at Attica.
Attica and Paris: Two
Communes
Burton acknowledges throughout the book a tension that is familiar to
many of ULK’s readers: reform versus revolution. He sees both
in the prison movement of the 1960s and 1970s in New York, with some
prisoners demanding bail reform and better food and others demanding an
end to the system that creates prisons in the first place. But in
telling the story of Attica and the revolts that preceded it he
emphasizes two things: the ways reforms were demanded (not by petitions
but by organized force) and the existence of demands that would have led
to the end of prisons as we know them. On Attica itself, he writes that
the rebellion demanded not just better food and less crowded cells but
the “emergence of new modes of social life not predicated on enclosure,
extraction, domination or dehumanization.” (8) In these new modes of
social life, Burton identifies sexual freedom and care among prisoners
emerging as a nascent challenge to traditional prison masculinity.
Attica began as a spontaneous attack on a particularly racist and
brutal guard, and led to a riot all over the facility that led to the
state completely losing control for four days starting on September 9th,
1971. Hostages were again taken, and demands ranging from better food to
the right to learn a trade and join a union issued to the press.
Prisoners began self-organizing rapidly, based on the past experiences
of many Attica prisoners in previous rebellions. Roger Champen, who
reluctantly became one of the rebellion’s organizers, got up on a picnic
table with a seized megaphone and said “the wall surrounds us all.”
Following this, the prisoners turned D Yard into an impromptu city and
organized their own care and self-defense. A N.Y. State trooper watching
the yard through binoculars said in disbelief “they seem to be building
as much as they’re destroying.” I think we’d agree with the state
trooper, at least on this. (9)
Burton’s point in this chapter is that the rebellion wasn’t an
attempt (or wasn’t only an attempt) to get the state to reform
itself, to grant rights to its pleading subjects, but an attempt,
however short-lived, to turn the prisons into something that would be
useful for human liberation: a self-governing commune built on
principles of democracy and solidarity. Some of the rebels demanded
transport to Africa to fight the Portuguese in the then-raging colonial
wars in Mozambique and Angola, decisions were made by votes and
consensus, and the social life of the commune was self-regulated without
beatings, gassings and starvation.
Abolition and the
Concentric Prison
Burton is a prison abolitionist, and he sees the aspirations of the
Attica rebels at their best as abolitionist well before the term became
popular. But he doesn’t ignore the contradictions that Attica and other
prison rebellions had to work through, and acknowledges the diverse
opinions of prisoners at the time, some of whom wanted to abolish
prisons and some of whom wanted to see the Nixons and Rockefellers
thrown into them instead. (10)
The Attica Commune of D Yard had to defend itself, and when the
rebelling prisoners suspected that some prisoners were secretly working
for the state, they were confined in a prison within a commune within a
prison, and later killed as the state came in shooting on the 13th.
There was fighting and instances of rape among the prisoners that freed
themselves, and there were prisoners who didn’t want to be a part of the
rebellion who were forced to. And the initial taking of the guards
constitutes a use of violence and imprisonment in itself, even if the
guards were treated better than they’d ever treated the prisoners.
Burton acknowledges this but doesn’t offer a tidy answer. He sees the
use of violence in gaining freedom, like Fanon, to be a necessary evil
which is essential to begin the process but unable to come close to
finishing it. Attica, even though it barely began, provides an example
of this. While violence is a necessary tool in war, it is the people
organized behind the correct political line in the form of a vanguard
party that ultimately is necessary to complete the transformation of
class society to one without oppression.
Counter-intelligence,
Reform, and Control
The final part of the book, “The War on Black Revolutionary Minds,”
chronicles the attempts by the state to destroy prison revolutionaries
by a variety of methods, some more successful than others, all deeply
disturbing and immoral.
Some of the early methods involved direct psychological
experimentation, the use of drugs, and calibrated isolation. These fell
flat, because the attempts were based on “the flawed theory that people
could be disassembled, tinkered with, and reprogrammed like computers.”
(11) Eventually the state gave up trying to engineer radical ideas out
of individual minds and settled for the solution many of our readers are
familiar with: long-term isolation in control units, and a dramatically
expanding prison population.
There is a lot else in this book, including many moving stories from
Attica and other prison rebellion veterans that Burton interviewed, and
who he openly acknowledges as the pioneering theorists and equal
collaborators in his writing. Burton engages in lengthy investigations
of prisoner correspondence, outside solidarity groups, twisted
psychological experiments, and many other things I haven’t had the space
to mention. We have received a couple responses to the book from some of
you already, which the author appreciates greatly, and we’d like to
facilitate more.
^Notes: 1. Burton, Orisanmi Tip of the Spear: Black Radicalism,
Prison Repression, and the Long Attica Revolt p. 19 All citations will
be of this book unless otherwise specified. 2. Jackson, Soledad
Brother, 111–12 cited in Burton p. 10 3. p. 3 4. pp. 152-180
5. Hill and Ekanawetak, Splitting the Sky, p. 20. cited in Burton,
p. 107 6. p. 29 7. p. 48 8. p. 5 9. pp. 88-91 10.
p. 95 11. p. 205^