MIM(Prisons) is a cell of revolutionaries serving the oppressed masses inside U.$. prisons, guided by the communist ideology of Marxism-Leninism-Maoism.
www.prisoncensorship.info is a media institution run by the Maoist Internationalist Ministry of Prisons. Here we collect and publicize reports of conditions behind the bars in U.$. prisons. Information about these incidents rarely makes it out of the prison, and when it does it is extremely rare that the reports are taken seriously and published. This historical record is important for documenting patterns of abuse, and also for informing people on the streets about what goes on behind the bars.
This concrete hell is a way to attack our foundations as righteous men.
In Texas we have to stay clean shaven, shirts tucked in, everyone wears
white, we have to keep our hair cuts low, these are all ways to strip us
of our identity. It’s a form of psychological warfare, just like the
idea of commissary, TV, radios, minimum custody, medium custody,
trusties, all that ain’t nothing but a carrot dangling on a stick… these
are tactics and tools they use to add on to their strategy of total
control.
You have brothers who will let a pig slap them, before they try to do
anything they rather tell on the pig. They make us dependent on the pigs
for everything we need to sustain us in here, this place is a constant
reminder that war is already being waged on us and it’s time to resist.
A lot of brothers will kill each other but refuse to kill a pig when the
pigs oppress them every day. Texas is one of the places where prisoners
take the side of the pigs, if you hurt a pig, a prisoner will want to
hurt you before they do.
These peers get mad because they can’t do certain things because some
comrades are on demonstration with the pigs, the pigs will make
everyone’s time “harder” by not letting them pass stuff, these dudes
will actually cheep for the pigs when you fight them.
The psychological warfare over here at the Gib Lewis Unit is out of
control. The pigs beat people at least 3 times a week. They starve us,
they taunt us, they refuse us recreation and yet these cats still refuse
to see them as enemies. I try to educate them along with another comrade
who is in touch with y’all also. We get on the tier and we preach this
revolutionary life. This is what we are supposed to do, hopefully more
brothers will open their eyes.
I’m writing in response to the article
“Gulf
Oil Spill: It’s Capitalism, Stupid!”, and wanted to address one
issue within the article. In this prisoner’s article, he states that
“this type of disaster would have had a very small to nil chance of
happening in the former Soviet Union (1917-1953) [The Lenin and Stalin
era] or the socialist People’s Republic of China (1949-1976), because
those communist countries wouldn’t have had to do the extensive drilling
that the First World seems so caught up with. Why? It is exactly because
the communist countries implement something called ‘planned economics,’
to meet human needs.”
We must be careful what we teach in regard to a better government when
using the Stalinist era. This individual’s comment regarding “planned
economics” is wrong, it was not implemented peacefully but through
violence. He should read about Stalin’s seven year plan and the
collectivization of property and farms. History reflects that Stalin
killed over 20 million of his own country men, so using him or that era
as an example is misguided. Stalin was a tyrant, a pathological killer.
I would not name his era as one of humanity’s finer points, nor look up
to his “planned economics” which cost so many of his countrymen’s lives.
Additionally, the Soviet Union’s record regarding ecological and
environmental disasters is one of complete failure and surpasses the
United States record on a grand scale, both under the Stalinist era and
even today.
It is ok to believe in one form of government or a goal of government,
but let’s not distort the past to build a better future as this is
nothing more than an illusion in which we all already live under in
America.
MIM(Prisons) responds: The original author was correct to uphold
the Soviet Union and China as examples of environmentalism. In 1942,
under Stalin’s leadership, the city of Moscow composted all of the waste
of its 4,000,000 inhabitants. The biothermal process heated large
“greenhouse farms” in the city, while the resulting compost was used as
fertilizer.(1) With all the talk of “green cities” in the United $tates,
there are no projects that rival what the Soviets were doing 70 years
ago. Similarly, China and the Soviet Union had massive recycling
programs for metal decades before such things became fashionable in the
imperialist countries. Also note, that if one were to do a quantitative
comparison of socialist vs. capitalist environmentalism, one must
compare countries of the same time period, reflecting similar ecological
knowledge.
This letter gives us a chance to debunk some myths about the Stalin era
in the Soviet Union in general. First, we want to be clear that state
capitalism, which was put into place in the Soviet Union after Stalin’s
death, does not reflect Stalinism or any form of socialism. Therefore
this author is just confusing the issue by complaining about
environmental disasters there today. Second, we must point out that the
article in question never claims that planned economics was an entirely
peaceful process. However, we must be very clear that it was Stalin’s
policies and practices that enabled the Soviet Union to industrialize
the Soviet Union, defeat Hitler and put an end to fascism, in spite of
the purposeful non-interference policy of countries like the U.$. who
hoped to stand aside and let fascism wipe out communism.
This letter reflects the typical anti-Stalinist propaganda of the
imperialist countries who like to claim that Stalin himself killed over
20 million people, as if one man could possibly be so powerful. The
reality is that many people died during the fight against fascism, and
in fact Stalin himself did order or oversee many deaths of spies and
those suspected of being infiltrators for the fascists. In this way
Stalin ensured that the Soviet Union was the only country free of a
Fifth Column of fascist spies and infiltrators. This made it possible
for him to do what no other country could even come close to
accomplishing, in spite of the lack of development and widespread
poverty in the Soviet Union, and defeat Hitler. The aggressive
industrialization and collectivization reflected the needs of the Soviet
Union at the time those policies were implemented.
This letter includes the usual imperialist propaganda of labeling Stalin
a pathological tyrant rather than looking at his actions and evaluating
them scientifically. It’s easy to sling around names masquerading as
political criticisms. But when we look closely at Stalin’s record and
his policies we can see a history of carefully evaluating the difficult
conditions of the time and making decisions about what to do based on
the reality of those conditions. When you have the fascists amassing on
your borders, planning invade and massacre your population to put in
place a system of tyranny and oppression, sometimes the best options to
fight those fascists don’t involve picking flowers and singing happy
songs. Without industrialization the Soviet Union could not have
defeated Hitler (even Hitler saw this) and with an active Fifth Column
of spies the fascists would have had the inside track on Soviet
activities. In wartime difficult decisions must be made, and the world
is lucky that Stalin was a man able to make these decisions
scientifically, without sentiment, or we could be living under global
fascist rule today. As it was the Soviet Union lost more than 20 million
people to the war against the fascists. The number of lives saved by his
victory in the war is never something he gets credit for, but even
deaths from starvation due to the conditions of war are something his
critics like to count as if Stalin had personally executed every single
person who died during his leadership.
For more on Stalin we recommend MIM Theory 6, The Stalin Issue.
These are chains of another kind I see locked on a souljah’s
mind Got em killing for no purpose So he feeling that life’s
worthless. Raised in another struggle Pray for better days but
still trouble I wonder will he break free from tha enemy N see
that a king is what he can be We all victims of this white man’s
oppression locked in by his trick words n hard lessons I see kids
grown up with no dads n moms and in other countries they getting
killed by bombs. Drugs got tha hood on lock, how can we
change Mothers giving birth to babies with dead brains Fathers
living life in these pins N this is all cuz tha color of our
skin. Browns, Blacks, Yellows, N Reds No matter what, if ya ain’t
white, they wanna see ya dead Open up ya eyes so you can see tha
truth and never stop trying ta turn seeds to fruit I shed tears
more than what you would think but I shed em on tha paper with
ink I hope you listen, cuz even thou there’s diamonds that
glisten we still got pictures of kids missin Now give thought,
right now as we speak there’s a kid in this world who got nothing to
eat People spending mills on cars n claim to be stars when others
dying everyday from tha fact that they starved This is chains of
another kind
Trapped in a jungle of degradation, where my worst enemy is my own
people. No one standing for what is right. Stuck in this mass illusion
that everything is okay. Content on what is offered by the injustice
that is thrown your way. When will you realize that you are a cog on
this system of injustice, and without you, it can not run.
Off of your sweat, muscle, tears and knowledge, these wheels of
injustice keep turning. You are the oil that keeps it going. Without you
it can not run. It would shut down like an engine full of sand. Like a
person lost in darkness, reaching for something he can not see. The
injustice system would be lost.
What do you fear? Better living conditions. More privileges. Getting
paid for the slave labor that you do now. Think! The system in place is
not for you but against you. It is for itself. You get no reward from
it. It is designed to keep us divided. No unity, and we fall for it. The
system is laughing at you and you don’t even know it. Open your eyes.
It’s not us against us, but us against them.
Stop living the fantasy life. You call yourself hard, but when it comes
to standing against the system, you go soft. Things can change if you
want them changed. All it takes is a little sacrifice. It’s not a white
and black thing. It’s us against them. In numbers we can be a force that
can be heard. It takes sacrifices, but in the long run, it’s for the
best. Don’t be a coward, stand up for what is right. Unite! And you can
be the future to make these injustices right.
Ears on alert everyone - wherever snitches roam carelessly, claiming
that this is their “get down” generation ready to put any prisoner way
down.
There’s no doubt that snitching has gotten out of hand in prison, but
here in Texas we have found a good solution to this shameful way. If you
want to be a “snitch”, go ahead get down, I and other prison reformers
have decided to support you all the way. You can declare victory now!
Pick up your pen and paper, if you need more, feel free to ask for more
from any of us. No one will try to stop you, as long as you start
snitching 24-7 to our state Senators and Representatives about our
prison conditions. I truly believe that you, snitches, can get something
rolling, and help us bring some kind of change for the betterment of
thousands, if not millions. That’s truly getting down, maybe someday
others will stop calling you a snitch and honor your efforts because you
finally got it right. Other prisoners are not the enemy - for sure.
What are you waiting for, become part of the solution, stop contributing
to the problem. If that’s what makes you a snitch, then more power to
you, use your mind and your prison time for the struggles of someday
fulfilling better prison reform. Go ahead, if you plan to do something,
let it be done in prison style, that’ll be the day, I and thousands
more, maybe millions of prisoners will shake your hand tight, call you a
real brother, never a snitch.
MIM(Prisons) responds: This comrade correctly points out that
there is a political line behind snitching. And when it is the
imperialists and their pigs committing the worst crimes, we support
those who are brave enough to come forth and expose the truth.
[img=“https://www.prisoncensorship.info/art/quick/singlespark.jpg”
alt=A Single Spark]I’m writing from the plantation state of Texas,
although I’m currently confined in Texas I’ve never lived here. I was
sent to Texas from the Maryland Division of Corrections, under
Maryland’s Interstate Corrections Compact Agreement. I was transferred
to Texas in part due to my prison politics, and because I wouldn’t
become a passive and willing participant of my own oppression. I was not
alone, there were many like minded comrades who have been exiled to
other states because of our dedication and loyalty to the struggle, in
our pursuit of freedom, justice and equality. The revolution has never
started amongst the masses, it’s always been the flame of a few, to
spark the righteous indignation of the many! The revolution has always
been bloody, in the pursuit of freedom, justice and equality there’s
always going to be bloodshed because these imperialist, capitalistic
pigs will never voluntarily relinquish control of the commodity of the
prison industrial complex.
I quickly came to realize that the Texas correctional philosophy is
deeply rooted in an overt racist sentiment that’s too casually
expressed. The very colors of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice’s
officer’s uniforms are a symbol of oppression and hatred, confederate
blue and gray. These are the very same color uniforms of the
confederacy, that the confederate soldiers wore during the civil war,
when they were fighting to uphold the institution of slavery.
Unfortunately the Willy Lynch theory is prevalent here in Texas. The
penitentiary politics that these pigs employ are reminiscent of the
gestapo tactics of the Third Reich.
I quickly found myself entrenched in the struggle here in Texas as a
righteous member of the Nations of Gods and Earths, I manifest a peace
mentality that’s deeply rooted in a position of strength. Here in Texas,
the penitentiary politics involved with the different prison
organizations goes contrary to the very foundation on which they were
built, which was the struggle. The devils here in Texas use our cultural
differences against us, to keep us divided, employing the age old tactic
of divide and conquer. Our struggles have always been intertwined, from
Che Guevara fighting in Angola and Mozambique to General Toussaint of
Haiti leading the revolution to free the island of Hispanola. The Black
and Brown struggle has always been one and the same. Why do so many of
your forsake the struggle and identify with the oppressor? Stop allowing
these devils to exploit our differences to keep us divided, the more
divided we stand, the more they’ll continue to conquer us. It’s time for
us to unite.
MIM(Prisons) adds: This comrade’s article about Texas is
appropriately timed for our Under Lock and Key theme of United Front.
The importance of oppressed nation groups coming together to fight the
oppressors rather than fighting each other is no more clearly seen in
Amerika than in the prisons. As this comrade points out, the criminal
injustice system plays oppressed groups against each other to keep them
divided. We are working to bring together lumpen organizations for peace
as a part of the anti-imperialist United Front. Representatives of
groups, who are authorized to speak for them, or who want to help build
support within their group, should contact MIM(Prisons) for a copy of
the draft statement of unity.
January 2011 will be a legislature year in Texas. A petition has been
put on the internet to ask our state leaders to reform the Texas parole
board system, a tyranny agency ruining thousands of lives, in prison and
in our own society. For some years now, since the mysterious death of
David Ruiz (a Brown brother who achieved federal action to demand prison
reform in Texas) we continue to raise awareness of the new and old
injustices of the “justice” system as it pertains to parole.
Texas prisoners are not granted parole, even though they have done
everything possible to be eligible for parole as required by their
Inmate Treatment Plan (ITP). When the judge, the lawyers for both sides,
and the offender all agree to a sentence, why does the parole board have
the right to deny the parole because they decide the prisoner hasn’t
served enough time? Doesn’t make sense or seem fair, does it? Prisoners
have a time calculated date which is the parole eligibility date and
those having met their ITP requirements should automatically make parole
on that date. As the system works now, prisoners can not know whether
they can exercise their special review rights, effectively ask for a
review, or even know why or if they have been turned down, because they
do not have access to their files. It is impossible for anyone to know
if they have been falsely or wrongly accused of a transgression while
incarcerated. If information has been erroneously placed in the file
that may actually belong to another prisoner, or if their parole is
being thwarted by a campaign by others they won’t know. They can not
know if rules have been violated or if evidences that would prove their
worthiness for the privilege of parole is actually in their file.
Good time is currently not calculated or used to achieve parole or
financial compensation for prisoner labor. At present it is awarded but
discounted as part of the parole process (ignored and not honored),
meaning modern day slavery is going on. The system currently continues
to vindictively punish even the “ideal” prisoners who have been
rehabilitated (which supposedly is the goal of the incarceration) making
them wonder why they keep trying and causing them to lose all capacity
for hope as the promised parole is disregarded and becomes one setback
after another. In addition it callously wrecks the lives of families and
children of prisoners who suffer needlessly while trying to find some
reason for the parole board’s coldness and tyrannical practices acting
above the laws of the land.
Taxpayers are being robbed of funds by the corrupt parole practices.
Prisoners in Texas seem to be the exception to the 13th amendment of the
U$ constitution abolishing slavery as a large amount of capital is
raised by the prison work generated by the incarcerated people now in
prison. However, in the united states of america we should not allow
slavery for state and corporate profit. It is criminal in itself to keep
prisoners incarcerated for financial benefit by enslaving inmates past
their parole eligibility date when they prove that they have gotten
rehabilitated and qualify for parole release.
If you want to help change these parole injustices, please have your
families and friends go to the following website and sign the petition:
www.petitiononline.com/tcb123/petition.html Also
please have them write each one of their representatives.
MIM(Prisons) responds: We agree with this prisoner that the
parole system in Texas, and throughout the criminal injustice system in
the U$, does not work, not even by the laws of this illegal government.
We find the demands in the petition agreeable in that they would lead to
a general reduction in imprisonment in Texas.
However, disagree with the common misperception that the U$ prison
monstrosity is driven by a desire to exploit prison labor. Certainly the
workers benefiting from their well paid jobs running the prisons have an
interest in denying parole, and the politicians who want the votes of
the workers and their families, share this interest. But as we explained
in an article on
the
U.$. prison economy, prison labor can offset some of the costs of
imprisonment, but prisons are not profitable. They are a tool of the
government that both provide jobs for the mostly oppressor-nation labor
aristocracy workers while providing social control of the mostly
oppressed nation population that is incarcerated. The U$ prison system
is a massive suck on superprofits extracted from the Third World to pay
staff and provide basic needs for those imprisoned. This is one of the
costs of operation the imperialists are willing to pay, not something
they are making money off of. That an industry has developed around this
massive project is only a product of this reality that helps tie labor
aristocracy interests to the imperialist state.
Greetings to everyone standing up for prisoners and human rights. My red
fist goes to all MIM social or prison reformers who continue to carry
truth, facts and hard struggles in their hearts against a democracy that
does not serve all equally but serves the few rich imperialist greedy
elites. MIM(Prisons) is speaking hardcore about a reality destroying
many all over Amerika, especially those in prison of Black or Brown
crimes, also known as the “War on Drugs.” I am not trying to justify
that smuggling or selling drugs should be permitted. Yet thousands now
sit in prison with long harsh prison sentences that usually don’t even
balance out to such drug crimes. For example, in Texas the court judge
gives you a certain prison sentence for drug crimes so that when you’re
up for parole the parole will be denied for reasons like “excessive
amount.” These reasons will be used each time you go for parole, not
only violating Texas parole board policies but state law and U$
Constitution Amendments like the double jeopardy clause.
The Fifth Amendment of the U$ Constitution states, “…nor shall any
person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of
life or limb…” This clause assures three basic protections: it protects
against a second prosecution for the same offense after acquittal, it
protects against a second prosecution for the same offense after
conviction, and finally it protects against multiple punishments for the
same offense.
Violating the double jeopardy clause qualifies as a constitutional
violation in satisfaction of the Prison Litigation Reform Act of 1996,
Pub. L. No 104-134. 110 Stat. 1321. When evidence indicates the parole
board has violated the U$ Constitution the matter may be reviewed by a
Federal Court pursuant to §1983.
2011 will be a legislature year. Black, Brown and other brothers in
prison in Texas should ask their family and friends to protest such
failed parole policies, state laws or constitutional amendments, now
broken by this war on drugs by homeland terrorists calling themselves
our nation’s leaders.
The War on Drugs is not only a failed war on drug dealers, but against
our families and communities, especially the Brown barrios and Black
ghettos which many have always called home. The war on drugs sole
purpose was to be able to create a new home, called prison, now filled
with prisoners for drug crimes under harsh laws of sentencing ruining
thousands of lives. And even our nation seems to be under attack by a
democracy that serves more the rich than the poor or needy ones. I
encourage others to draft protest petitions or letters and have their
loved ones send them to John Whitmore who is a Texas Senator in charge
of The Sunset Commission looking into this kind of prison violation.
MIM(Prisons) responds: We condemn this practice of
refusing prisoners parole based on their original sentence, but we can
learn from history that
elections
are not the answer to the problems of the oppressed. The
imperialists and their supporters will be elected, and candidates truly
serving the people will never gain any real power in the United $tates
through elections. However, we can exert pressure on the criminal
injustice system through protest letters and actions. Sometimes we can
win small gains for the people through these struggles. And there is
nothing wrong with using election time to push a progressive cause, just
keep in mind that many legislators get elected on a “get tough on crime”
platform. All this rhetoric is bullshit that has nothing to do with the
reality of crime and punishment in Amerikkka, but the publicity is
important to politicians so they are probably less likely to take
progressive action in an election year if it might make them look “soft
on crime.”
Reading the many articles in Under Lock and Key, I realize
daily how hopeless our battle against injustice, inhumane conditions and
the current American system itself, may seem. I continuously hear so
many say we can’t change it. They are wrong. They are weak and
apathetic. We (prisoners and all Americans) must awake a revolution -
no, not in the commonly accepted sense, not an attempt by one group to
overthrow another to assume power. We need a revolution of the most
profound kind, a revolution of the national soul and psyche, because if
we continue to quietly submit to the injustices of this country, this
system, with no opposition, then the limits of the tyrants will be
absolute, acquiesced to by the very people who they oppress. Yes my
brothers and sisters, it will be terrible to watch, torturous to be
involved in, yet unquestionably destined to triumph if we (prisoners and
Americans) will once again band together as one and rise to the call. I
am certain of this because of my belief and faith in us, as prisoners,
people, and Americans. William Faulkner once said, “It is easy enough to
say that man is immortal simply because he will endure: that when the
last ding-dong of doom has clanged and faded from the last worthless
rock hanging tideless in the last red and dying evening, that even then
there will still be one more sound: that of his puny voice, still
talking. I refuse to accept this. I believe man [and Prisoners] will not
merely endure: he will prevail. He is immortal, not because he alone
among creatures has an inexhaustible voice, but because he has a soul, a
spirit capable of compassion and sacrifice and endurance.” We are that
Man and Woman. Rise to the call of freedom and justice.
MIM(Prisons) responds: We agree with this prisoner that
it is important that we believe in humynity and our ability to rise
above what we have accomplished (or failed at) in the past and create a
society free of oppression. However, we do not just take this on faith,
we base it in the history of humynity, the struggles of the oppressed
always fighting to rise out of oppression. And we do not share this
comrade’s faith in “Americans”. As a whole Amerikans are bought off with
the profits of imperialism and have a material interest in maintaining
this system of exploitation and oppression. It is not their humyn nature
that will lead people to rise above oppression, it is their desire to
fight their own oppression that will ultimately bring down imperialism.
We can learn this lesson from history, and so we should not place false
hope in the bought-off Amerikan population as a whole. With that said,
we do work to win over the minority who will join the cause of the good
of humynity, against their own material interests, and we will continue
to educate and organize petit-bourgeois people to that end while working
for and with the truly oppressed and exploited.
A search of the Texas constitution reveals no trace of the word slavery
or any reference to the use of prisoner labor as slaves. Nevertheless,
Texas has a long and unbecoming history of resisting the economic
integration of Blacks into it’s society and exploiting the use of
prisoners as slave labor (including Mexicans) etc.
The 13th Amendment to the US constitution states in pertinent part:
“neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for
crime… shall exist within the United States.” The 13th Amendment was
formally adopted on December 18, 1865. Texas was not among the states
ratifying this amendment. In 1866, participants at a constitutional
convention took the position that it was unnecessary to adopt this
amendment. By taking an oath to support the united states constitution,
they had indirectly abolished slavery and this was sufficient. It was
not until February 18, 1870 that Texas formally adopted the 13th
amendment, and this was only done grudgingly, to satisfy conditions for
gaining admission back into the union.
Prisoners perform valuable services in their prisons and in a multitude
of different prison industries. Without prisoner labor, these prisons
and prison industries could not function. From the inception of its
prison system, Texas historically refused to pay its prisoners any wages
for their work, no doubt relying upon the clause carving out an
exception for prisoner labor in the 13th amendment of the US
constitution as their authority for doing so.
The 70th Texas legislature reversed this long standing practice and
policy by creating work credits as part of its major overhaul of the
parole system. Under the 1/4 as this legislation came to be called,
these work credits vested when earned, and hastened a prisoner’s
mandatory supervision date. Since this law was enacted, prisoners have
been receiving a half day of work credit for every day of calendar time
served.
During the term of the 74th legislature, from 1995 to 1997, the parole
board’s ability to perform its statutorily delegated function of
reviewing all parole candidates applying the Texas parole guidelines to
their cases and issuing decisions as to their fitness for parole was
clearly illusory. The parole board was vastly lacking the staff and
resources to perform this task. Nevertheless, the 74th legislature
increased the authority of the parole board by giving them the right to
cancel a prisoner’s work credit, simply upon a finding that the
prisoner’s release could endanger the public’s safety.
A finding that a prisoner’s release could endanger the public’s safety
is ambiguous, vague and vulnerable to abuse. Parole candidates have seen
their mandatory supervision date pass as well as their good time and
work credits rescinded for just this reason, with no factual basis and
no reasoned decision to support this finding.
The parole board is making its prisoners serve their sentences day for
day, acting above Texas law and of our US Constitution, like the 13th
amendment, claiming it is giving out parole when a prisoner is within
months or a year of finishing his or her entire prison sentence. Is this
not illegal, and prison slavery? Indeed.
MIM(Prisons) responds: We don’t like to use the word “slavery”
too much in reference to the modern U$ prison system. Though in fact,
slavery is legal in U$ prisons according to the 13th Amendment, which
this writer seems to ignore. As we have discussed
elsewhere,
the prison system is not akin to the economic system of slavery in
capitalist or pre-capitalist societies. It is a form of the mass
lumpenization that is unique to modern imperialism, and is about
managing excess populations, not acquiring populations for exploitation.
We appreciate the brief history of Texas policies provided by this
writer, but would add to it the significance of the history of the 13th
Amendment. As mentioned, this amendment allowed for slavery in prisons
at a time when imprisonment of Blacks was even easier than it is today.
This was a bone thrown to the white nation in the South who stood to
loose out from the new economic realities following the Civil War.
Southern whites were given a means to control Black labor on a small
scale to get them through the transition. Today the 13th Amendment plays
a similar role, where mostly Blacks and Latinos are forced to do much of
the maintenance labor to support their own imprisonment, while
predominantly white staff make fat checks as watchdogs and bureaucrats
in the system.