“Neither Slavery nor Involuntary Servitude, except as a punishment for
crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist
within the United States…”
–Thirteenth Amendment, United States
Constitution
History of Legalized Slavery
The Thirteenth Amendment was ratified by Congress by the required
three-fourths of the States (27 of 36) on January 31, 1865, and declared
an amendment December 18, 1865. To understand it in a prison setting, it
is important to look at the history after it was ratified until today.
It was during the time of the enactment of the Thirteenth Amendment that
“slaves”, or better yet, the offspring of slaves had heightened their
resistance to this torture and inhumane treatment that they inherited by
bad luck. Slave leaders like Fredrick Douglas and Harriet Tubman started
to educate themselves, assist in the escape of other slaves, and lobby
for the rights that they felt they were due. Former slaves, escaped
slaves, and others sympathetic to them led negotiations of the
Thirteenth Amendment.
Once enacted, what was to be a victory for slaves, the Thirteenth
Amendment later became nothing more than a smoke screen. When southern
slave owners figured out that the second part to the amendment gave
exception “as a punishment for crime” crafty southern lawmakers
substituted various equivalents. One of these was “peonage.” Peonage is
a labor system in which the worker, who owes money to his or her
employer, must “work off the debt.” The term also can be defined,
however, as virtual slavery or serfdom. Southern states enacted a series
of laws that required, as punishment, high fines. Poor, now-“free”
slaves were forced to borrow money to pay the fines and “work off” the
debt, often times never paying off the interest. Some “crimes” included
breaking curfews, and vagrancy.
The Freedman’s Bureau, a government agency established to help former
slaves assume responsibility as free citizens, attempted to replace
“Peonage” with contracts. However, southern ” Black Codes” prevented
much progress. Vagrancy laws were abundant, and slavery was still
existent, just under an alias.
In 1867, Congress enacted the Peonage Act in New Mexico, applying it to
all of America. Now it was a felony to hold a person in Peonage or to
seize or arrest a person to enforce Peonage. This same act outlawed any
state law designed to enforce Peonage. In the 1900’s the Peonage Act was
accepted in full.
As we’ll see below, modern laws and policies continue this legacy with
many of the same oppressor nation motivations as in the 19th century.
Control those who can’t be exploited
Every year, hundreds of thousands of mostly Black and Latino men from
the 5 boroughs of NYC go thru the biggest county jail in the united
$tates: Rikers Island in New York. After being convicted (which happens
70% of the time), private contractors bus them to state prisons upstate,
more than 2/3rds of which are in rural areas with almost all white
populations. Most of the officers, nurses, vocational instructors, etc.
are from farming populations that lost their traditional economies
largely to imperialist expansion into foreign markets in the Third World
where they can exploit the people and buy food for excessively cheap
prices.
Prisons are now the epicenter around which many towns have sprung up,
reviving the dying rural communities. The local populations compete for
these jobs, which are unique in their high wages and pension plans,
while requiring minimal thinking ability.
No one can deny the stark increase in incarceration of Blacks within the
past three decades. This increase is largely due to policies and harsh
laws which are racially motivated. One notorious example is the federal
guideline that sentences people to 10 years for possession of 5 grams of
crack or 500 grams of cocaine, when whites are much more likely to be
caught with cocaine. No study has ever proven that crack - cocaine in
its coagulated form - is more harmful than its powder form. And though
this law was modified recently, its purpose has already been served.
Since the end of slavery’s role as a profitable enterprise by the u$
farming industry, the principal question for law officials has been,
‘What is to be done about the fast growing population of restless young
Black men?’ - Prison has become the solution to this never ending
problem. A population that is no longer a significant source of labor to
be exploited, nor allowed to be junior partners to the imperialists, has
no role to play in the modern imperialist economy. Hence, we have seen
the growing lumpen class behind u$ prison walls.
Prison serves three valuable solutions, or better yet, prison has been
the solution which can be explained in three forms.
-
Prison is used as a social contraceptive to reduce and control
population growth.
-
Prison is a way to ebb the radical political consciousness of the
people. To separate those radical elements among oppressed nations from
influencing others to seek change rather than reform.
-
Prison has been used as a way to deal with rising unemployment and stem
entry into the already declining job market. (This is true despite the
fact that after years of incarceration, most Blacks and Latinos are
released to their communities with little hopes for employment,
regardless of any participation in vocational programs.)
As we can see, the prison system is much more than an economic force
exploiting labor. This is not to deny economic benefit that is reaped by
the corporate elites and the amerikan so-called “worker” stooges.
Prison, as a part of the capitalist system, has a further implication
beyond jobs; it is also a way to repress other nations of people: the
Black, Latino and indigenous nations, as well as migrants from the Third
World.
Economics of NY Prisons
New York State Department of Correctional Services (DOCS), has
approximately 60,000 inmates. In this system, “programs” are
mandatory. Programs range from industry work, to
maintenance, to pseudo-rehabilitative or educational programs. Most
people work to keep the facility up and running. The five pay grades are
as follows:
|
Grade 1
|
16¢ per hour
|
|
Grade 2
|
25¢ per hour
|
|
Grade 3
|
32¢ per hour
|
|
Grade 4
|
38¢ per hour
|
|
Grade 5
|
42¢ per hour
|
Each facility is limited to a small number of people being paid grade
five, so in all actuality Grade 4 is top pay. Grade 4 is reserved for
foremen, who are a special class within themselves where the old rule of
divide and conquer prevails. They have proven their loyalty to the
system through years of hard work and often report other prisoners if
something goes wrong - many of these positions are given to white
prisoners.
There are “industries” in several facilities: Attica specializes in
making lockers that you find in state office buildings; Great Meadow
specializes in manufacturing various chemicals such as liquid soap to
clean public transportation and soap that is given to inmates; Coxsackie
manufactures bed sheets, pillow cases, clothing worn by doctors and
nurses, as well as money bags used by banks. All of these items are
manufactured under the name “CorCraft.” CorCraft made over $40 million
in 2005, while prisoners were paid pennies. CorCraft is a government
industry so the $40 million all goes back into the state General Fund,
essentially offsetting some of the cost of running prisons or other
public “services.”
A “bonus” is given based on the individual productivity of every prison.
For example, at grade 2 my base pay for a 40 hour work week is $10.00
(all programs other than Industry work 25 hour work weeks). With a 50%
bonus I would make $15.00. Unlike all other prison programs, Industry
workers punch a time clock and are forced to punch out whenever they
leave their shops, even for meals which are in most cases mandatory.
An inmate in DOCS, comes in with a substantial debt to pay
automatically: $40.00 Gate Fees, $150.00 Surcharge, $50.00 DNA fee,
$20.00 Victims Fee. Additional debts may include restitution, child
support, appeals fees, legal fees, processing fees, disciplinary
sanctions (if incurred), etc. Oftentimes these amounts run into the
thousands of dollars, and higher.
The cost of Commissary staple items, hygiene supplies, stamps, etc.,
have increased so dramatically that, in proportion, the payment DOCS
pays in exchange for hard work becomes virtually worthless. For example,
at $0.13 an hour, after a three hour work day mowing lawns in 90-degree
weather, an inmate still cannot afford even one $0.42 stamp. The pay
deteriorates even more if a percentage of the inmate’s earnings must go
toward fees, surcharges, fines, or other obligations.
Where it leaves us
Previous challenges to DOCS Peonage system of pay have been unsuccessful
because DOCS maintains that they are not “paying” but rather
“compensating” inmates for their “program” participation. International
Law, such as the Geneva Convention, is pretty clear that prisoners of
war cannot be “forced to work” without compensation. However, it does
not state what compensation is. The Japanese, for example, compensate
their prisoners with food.
In fact, food is one of the greatest incentives for New York inmates to
work inside of prison. The Mess Hall is one of prison’s more
unpredictable locations. While the Mess Hall is mandatory for all meals
in some prisons, here in DOCS, attendance is elective. In order to avoid
potential conflicts, when possible, many inmates choose to skip the Mess
Hall meal and eat a quick sandwich with Commissary items. A positive
account balance is required in order to purchase food from the
Commissary.
Another great incentive for prisoners to do work is postage. Years of
study have proven that inmates who work to maintain family ties strive
to do well in general prison populations. Inmates who receive visits do
even better, and those who do not maintain family ties are statistically
more vulnerable to problems. The ability to correspond with family is
usually essential to maintaining family ties. If a person cannot afford
a stamp after three hours of hard labor, the incentive for that person
to be positive for the remainder of the day greatly diminishes.
DOCS originally established a system to pay inmates, in order to prevent
theft and encourage inmates to work. However, by not paying a meaningful
wage, what DOCS actually creates is a mirror of the Peonage System. An
inmate in prison for ten years, without the assistance of family, may
leave prison, not only still in debt, but convinced that hard work is
useless and that society is inherently unfair. This is one of the
results of a system based on punishing individuals, rather than changing
the system that created their bad behaviors. In contrast, a socialist
prison system serves to turn those who commit crimes against the people
into productive contributors to society.
If the DOCS simply raised the “compensation” from pennies to even just
$1.50/hour, this financial outlay surely would pay for itself. An inmate
who has no hope of meeting his needs through legitimate earnings is
likely to attempt to get what he wants, i.e. stamps, food, cigarettes,
etc., by illegitimate means: thievery, violence, extortion, gambling,
etc. Such activity increases the likelihood of claims for property, of
altercations and of injuries, which lead to civil actions brought
against the State.
It is time for the State to increase “compensation” for inmates -
compensation that will assist inmates in maintaining hope and in
maintaining family ties while inside of prison, and compensation that
will convince inmates that there truly is benefit in working hard to
earn one’s way toward productive life, once they get outside.
MIM(Prisons) supports the application of a global minimum wage under
capitalism. Although it would have to be taken into consideration that
prisoners are provided with most basic needs before being paid - as poor
as they may be.
