A Vietcong Memoir: An inside account of the Vietnam war and its
aftermath
by Truong Nhu Tang
Vintage Books, 340 pgs.
Truong Nhu Tang (Tang) was the ex-minister of justice for the
provisional revolutionary government of the Republic of South Vietnam
during their war for liberation. Although Tang came from the petit
bourgeoisie before taking up the struggle for national liberation he
lends a first hand account of the fight against U.$. imperialism during
what has come to be known in the west as the “Vietnam War.”
In 1978 Tang became disillusioned with the outcome of the Vietnam
victory on the political fringe (this started when his brother and other
family were jailed for re-education). He went into exile in Paris, which
he describes as an escape for the most part.
From much of the literature on the struggle for national liberation in
Vietnam we get a view from the higher levels of leadership with books
from Ho Chi Minh or Vo Nguyen Giap, which are very educational but lack
a ground level approach to digging in to the operations and set backs of
lower level struggles. Although Tang claims to never have been a
“communist” he does say he was a nationalist revolutionary and held Ho
Chi Minh in high esteem.
The book focuses on how north Vietnam and the communists, or
“ideologues” as he frequently describes communists, took control of the
south post war and were heavy handed in re-educating those who needed
re-education. For revolutionaries studying different phases of struggle
whether political, military, or the diplomatic front, this book will
prove insightful as Tang is very descriptive in his memoir.
Most here in Amerika have seen on TV how many U$ soldiers died in
Vietnam, or seen clips of the carpet bombing that the Amerikan B52
bombers did, perhaps the rare few have seen grainy documentaries showing
some pile of dead Vietnamese or entire villages being touched and babies
crying with their flesh literally hanging off from agent orange. Indeed
most of us know the Vietnamese fought like hell barefooted with an AK47
in hand, marching through the jungle and basically wearing out U.$.
troops through guerrilla warfare. There was an overwhelming amount of
organizing at all levels including youth, students, religious groups,
elderly, mass organizations, political groups, shopkeepers, even the
intelligentsia. This raising of consciousness had begun decades before
and Tang as a participant in much of this low level organizing gets into
these efforts and shows the strengths and weaknesses in this process.
Tang traveled to Paris as a young man to study how to be a pharmacist.
It was here where he started his political life, initially in the
anti-war movement in Paris. He began to seriously study political
science and colonialism. While in Paris he mobilized the Vietnamese
community and sought to build public opinion around the the French
occupation in Vietnam. During this time Tang abandoned his studies in
pharmacology and his family cut off his financial allowance. His wife
was pregnant and with him in France.
At this juncture Tang’s political future was at a crossroad. This
happens even here in Amerika where at some point one must make some
decision in life about what direction one’s life will go, and like Tang,
many times one’s friends, wife, husband, or family will not understand
or agree with one’s political beliefs and thus one must make that leap
to become a revolutionary or be persuaded to just live one’s life.
Although Tang doesn’t analyze or dig into this, as you read the book you
see his predicament and see him leap into the thick of it. When faced
with this, he and his wife decide it’s best she goes back home to
Vietnam to have the child while he goes on surviving any way he can,
taking odd jobs while continuing his political agitation. It was here
that he met the French Communist Party (FCP) members and intellectuals,
and although he didn’t quite agree with the FCP on their stance with
Vietnam he began to develop his political ideas.
After receiving a master’s degree in political science, Tang returned to
Vietnam where he describes an environment of revolutionary fervor with
almost everyone sympathizing with the Viet Minh. He goes on to hook up
with a guerilla unit and went on an ambush of French forces. This taste
of struggle for liberation sways Tang to get in on the fight for
independence.
Tang describes how they began to form the underground resistance that
evolved into the National Liberation Front (NLF). This happens in
“Saigon,” very much an urban struggle, so it proves to be insightful for
anyone interested in organizing in a city in an underground group. Tang
discusses his creation of numerous committees, mass organizing and the
art of propaganda, and even takes you to the jungles where he had his
ministry. He tells of how they would hear the bombs raining down, as the
guerrillas scramble for the bunkers. Some succumb to what Tang describes
as “internal convulsions” where one urinates or shits oneself
involuntarily. Tang was living in a constant state of anxiety or combat
fatigue, within this environment of constant harassment from opposition,
bombings, and attacks, while still carving out a liberation struggle and
tending to affairs within the unit or region, and maintaining his
ministry while surviving on a handful of rice twice a day. This
sacrifice was really something to read about. Imagine holding a study
group on Marx or guerilla warfare while the bombs get you scrambling to
a bunker, and all for no financial incentive as would be required by
Amerikans, but just to free themselves. This was powerful.
I saw slight similarities (of course on a whole different level) between
prisoners within U.$. gulags who may be in a constant state of alert,
harassed by guards or even at war with a backwards element of the prison
population. And within all the chaos that environment can bring, with
storm troopers raiding your cell at 2:00 a.m., or putting you on potty
watch, or confiscating all your literature, not allowing literature to
enter the prison, going to the hole, maybe getting shot, etc. And within
all this madness many prisoners continue their studies and struggle to
liberate themselves and their oppressed nation. I think many would also
find strength and inspiration in learning how many prisoners also
develop under such overwhelming odds within U.$. prisons.
There were times when Tang would be arrested and described how he was
tortured with electric shock by the pro-imperialist Vietnamese
government. I would have liked to hear more of how the Vietnamese
prisoners organized, as it is well known that even under French
occupation the Vietnamese prisoners saw prisons as “Schools of
Liberation” and had their own culture and living guidelines within
prison. They had study groups and developed the masses into
revolutionaries. It’s too bad Tang didn’t go into all this but it seems
his prison stays were not very long, the longest being ten days. It
appears his connections to the Vietnamese bourgeoisie, having a brother
who was a high level air force fighter and another who was a high level
banker seemed to get him out of prison very fast.
After the war ended and the last helicopter fled the embassy Tang
describes the situation as chaotic. But again he was there struggling to
rebuild his homeland. It was during this time that many were told to
report for re-education and Tang himself says he drove his brothers down
to be re-educated. He even led some of the re-education classes and
engaged in criticism-self-criticism. However, once his brothers were
taken to a re-education camp for the long term his stance on the
post-war situation changed. Tang’s two brothers were high level
military, one being an officer, and although one of his brothers was
released (through his efforts and letters to government leadership) one
was kept in camp. It was at this point that Tang withdrew and resigned
from politics, eventually moving out to a country farm and later
sneaking out into exile in Paris.
It is clear his actions were subjective and he notes that many people
were not political but nationalistic in their ideas. He argues that the
post war government was too heavy handed. From what I read it did appear
the NLF was pushing a more nationalistic line rather than a
revolutionary nationalist approach. I think that if the NLF had focused
their organizing efforts more on raising the people’s political
consciousness rather than focusing on a nationalist line they wouldn’t
have had such a hard time post war.
I would have liked to hear more on China and the Soviet Union at that
time as Tang was part of a Vietnamese delegation that toured these
countries. But he doesn’t weigh in on the Soviet revisionism, rather
saying Vietnam stayed neutral on the “Sino-Soviet” dispute as he calls
it. He does say Vietnam cozied up first to the Soviets but later alluded
to his dislike of Kruschev, especially his anger at being left for two
weeks in a Russian hotel when he was supposed to be touring the country.
A reader will find this book insightful for the winding paths that were
taken to build a movement full of committees and coalitions, underground
parties and guerrilla networks all with the end goal of defeating U.$.
imperialism. After reading this book I appreciate more the efforts of
MIM(Prisons) and what they do to raise our consciousness.
MIM(Prisons) adds: The Vietnamese struggle was a heroic one that
is still at the forefront of the global anti-imperialist legacy. After
they defeated the imperialists, the most advanced political thinking of
the time did not take hold in Vietnam’s leadership, preventing socialism
from developing. But as the reviewer discusses, there is still much to
learn from this book about the successful struggle and organizing,
especially under such horrible repression by U.$. bullets and bombs. We
point readers to a book review of
Ho
Chi Minh: A Life for a more complete picture of the history of the
revolution in Vietnam, and the political line of the post-revolution
government.