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REFERENCE NOTES
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Introduction
1. V. I. Lenin, Chapter VIII, "The Parasitism and Decay of Capitalism," Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism (Moscow, Foreign Languages Publishing House. First published 1916) and "Preface to the French and German editions," 1921. (Hereinafter referred to as Imperialism.)
3. ibid., in "Preface to the French and German editions."
4. Polemic on a General Line for the World Communist Movement (Peking. Foreign Languages Press. 1963), p. 6.
Chapter I
1. London TIMES, April 22, 1968. Lead editorial.
2. Roy Perrott and David Haworth, "Fears behind White Workers' Backlash," London OBSERVER, April 28, 1968.
9. Mao Tse-tung, "On the Correct Handling of Contradictions among the People." Reprinted in PEKING REVIEW, June 23, 1967.
10. A Proposal concerning the General Line of the International Communist Movement, Central Committee, Chinese Communist Party, letter in reply to one from Central Committee, Soviet Communist Party on March 30, 1963 (Peking. Foreign Languages Press. June 14, 1963), p. 6.
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Chapter II
1. R. Palme Dutt, Fascism and Social Revolution, (New York; International Publishers. 1935). (Hereinafter referred to as Fascism.)
2. Palmiro Togliatti, Social Democracy and the Colonial Question, speech before the Sixth Congress of the Communist International (Comintern) in 1928. Reprinted in AFRICA LATIN AMERICA ASIA REVOLUTION, January 1964. English edition (Paris, France). (Hereinafter referred to as Colonial Question.)
3. Lenin, Imperialism, "Preface to the French and German editions," 1921.
4. Michael Kidron, Western Capitalism since the War (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968), pp. 117 ff.
5. Lenin, The Proletarian Revolution and Renegade Kautsky. Selected Works, Vol. 7 (London; Lawrence and Wishart), p. 173.
6. Lenin, Bourgeois Democracy and Proletarian Revolution, ibid., p. 229.
Chapter III
1. Lenin, Imperialism, "Preface to the French and German editions," p. 11.
3. Lenin, Imperialism, Chapter VIII, "The Parasitism and Decay of Capitalism," pp. 171-2.
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Chapter IV
1. Jack Woddis, "Africa and Mr. Wilson's Government," AFRICAN REVIEW, May 1965 (Ghana).
2. J. R. Campbell, "The Incomes Policy of the Labour Government," PROBLEMS OF PEACE AND SOCIALISM, May 1965 (Prague).
Chapter V
1. Togliatti, op. cit., passim.
2. Victor Perlo, Militarism and Industry," (Marzani & Munsell), p. 70.
3. Pierre Jalée, The Pillage of the Third World (English translation, Monthly Review, 1968), pp. 2-3. (Hereinafter referred to as Pillage.)
Chapter VI
1. George[i] Dimitroff. The United Front against Fascism (New York. International Publishers. 1935).
2. Dimitroff, op. cit., Section, "The Role of Social Democracy and Its Attitude toward the United Front of the Proletariat."
3. Palme Dutt, Fascism, pp. 79 ff.
Chapter VII
1. Palme Dutt, Fascism, p. 155.
3. Lenin, Imperialism, "Preface to the French and German editions." Requoted.
4. Lenin, "Social Democracy and the Split in the Working Class," Address to Stuttgart Congress, December 1916. (Hereinafter referred to as Stuttgart Address.)
5. British TUC, The ABC of TUC, 1966, pp. 10, 11, 23 and 24. Cited in Kidron, op. cit. Also see Chapter II, Reference Note 4.
Chapter VIII
1. Dr. Wong Lin Ken, "Democratic Socialism, Marxism and the Intellectual Left," IUSY SURVEY (official organ, International Union of Socialist Youth), March 1965.
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4. O. Timashkova, "Sweden Today," INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS (Moscow), No. 2 (February), 1963.
5. London TIMES, October 18, 1966.
6. WORLD ALMANAC, 1960 (New York WORLD TELEGRAM).
8. Lenin, Imperialism, Chapter VI, p. 138.
10. COMMUNIST ORIENTATION (Copenhagen, Denmark). English edition. Vol. 5, No. 18, October 2, 1968, pp. 10 and 11. (Hereinafter referred to as C.O.)
Chapter IX
1. Lenin, Imperialism, Chapter VIII, "The Parasitism and Decay of Capitalism."
2. Howard Selsam, Socialism and Ethics (International Publishers. 1943. Second edition, 1945), pp. 33-34.
3. Survey of Current Business (monthly), April 1, 1962 (Office of Business Economics of the U.S. Department of Commerce), cited in Labor Fact Book No. 16 (New York. Labor Research Association), (annual), pp. 16, 21 ff.
5. Victor Perlo, op. cit., p. 63.
6. Harry Magdoff, "Economic Aspects of Imperialism." Lecture, September 11, 1966, at Socialist Scholars' Conference, New York.
Reprint, MONTHLY REVIEW, November 1966, p. 14.
7. Survey of Current Business, May 1965, "Foreign Trade of the United States."
8. ibid., "Foreign Transactions in the National Income Account," p. 6.
9. Victor Perlo, op. cit., p. 64.
10. Jerome Pakula, first of two featured articles about U.S. balance of payment deficits, NATIONAL GUARDIAN, June 25, 1966.
11. NEWSWEEK, August 30, 1965, p. 47.
12. Survey of Current Business, June 1965, p. 12. U.S. Statistical Abstract, 1961, p. 865 (and see Footnote, p. 70, text).
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13. Paul A. Baran and Paul M. Sweezy, Monopoly Capital, Chapter 4 (Monthly Review Press. 1966), p. 105.
Chapter X
2. Leland Hazard (Vice-President of the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co.), "What Economists Don't Know about Wages," HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW, January-February 1957, p. 56. (Cited in Baran & Sweezy, op. cit, p. 33.)
4. FORTUNE Magazine, October 1956 (cited in Perlo, op. cit., p. 67).
5. David Michaels, "The Growing Financial Crisis in the Capitalist World," MONTHLY REVIEW, December 1966, p. 12.
11. Baran and Sweezy, op. cit., p. 214.
12. Kidron, op. cit., pp. 48 et passim.
Chapter XI
1. Labor Fact Book No. 16, p. 16. U.S. Statistical Abstract, 1966, Table, p. 327 and see Footnote, p. 70, text).
2. Compiled from information in Billionaire Corporations, Their Growth and Power (New York. Labor Research Association. 1954), pp. 7-9 passim.
3. Dr. Boguslaw Jazinski (lecturer, Winneba Ideological Institute, Ghana, during Nkrumah regime), "Why Developing Countries Cannot Go Capitalist Way," first of two articles, THE SPARK (Accra), June 11, 1965.
4. Sekou Touré, Guinean Revolution & Social Progress, p. 116.
5. Jalée, op. cit., Table III, p. 12.
— 416 —
7. Fenner Brockway, "Basis of Imperialism in Economic Exploitation," GHANAIAN TIMES (Accra, Ghana), November 7, 1964.
8. Time Essay: "The Technology Gap," TIME Magazine, January 13, 1967.
9. K. Nkrumah, Neo-Colonialism, the Last Stage of Imperialism (Nelson. 1965).
11. WORLD CONSTRUCTION, July 1967.
12. Baran and Sweezy, op. cit.
Chapter XII
3. Time Essay: "The Technology Gap," TIME Magazine, January 13, 1967.
7. "The Capitalist Economy in 1963," Accra EVENING NEWS, November 6, 1964. (A reprint. Source not given.)
8. VOICE OF AFRICA, May-June, 1964 (Accra, Ghana).
9. Truman Materials Policy Commission, "Resources for Freedom," cited in Magdoff, op. cit., pp. 17 ff.
10. Nkrumah, ibid., pp. 84 ff.
13. VOICE OF AFRICA, loc. cit.
Chapter XIII
1. Accra EVENING NEWS, November 6, 1964, loc. cit.
2. MONTHLY REVIEW, October 1966, p. 4.
3. Lenin, Marxism and Revisionism, in Against Revisionism, pp. 117-118.
4. Baran and Sweezy, op. cit., p. 178.
5. MONTHLY REVIEW, December 1966. Leading editorial.
— 417 —
Chapter XIV
2. Nkrumah, Speech at the Cairo Conference of Non-Aligned Nations, Septembre 1964.
3. Peter Kai, "West Germany: An 'Integrated' Working Class Movement," in AFRICA-LATIN AMERICA-ASIA REVOLUTION. English edition (Paris, France).
4. Baran and Sweezy, op. cit., pp. 192-193.
Chapter XV
1. Lenin, Imperialism and the Split in the Socialist Movement, SBORNIK SOCIAL-DEMOKRATA, No. 2, December 1916.
2. Lenin, Imperialism, Chapter VII.
3. U. S. Statistical Abstract, 1961, Table, p. 209.
4. Baran and Sweezy, op. cit., p. 115.
6. Time Essay: "Union Labor: Less Militant, More Affluent," TIME Magazine, September 17, 1965, p. 21.
7. C. Wright Mills, "The New Middle Class," White Collar (Oxford University Press. 1951. Paperback), p. 71.
9. "The Disappearance of the Working Class," THUNDER (official theoretical monthly organ of People's Progressive Party (PPP) in Guyana), June 1967.
11. ibid., Chapter 4, Section on "Industrial Mechanics." pp. 65 ff.
12. U.S. Statistical Abstract, 1966, p. 266.
14. Baran and Sweezy, op. cit., p. 246.
15. U.S. Statistical Abstract, 1966, Table, p. 218.
16. ibid., Table Heading, p. 218.
17. TIME Magazine, November 18, 1966, p. 52.
18. U.S. Statistical Abstract, 1966, p. 311.
Chapter XVI
1. Baran and Sweezy, op. cit., pp. 77-78.
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2. Karl Marx, Wages, Price and Profit (Moscow. Foreign Languages Publishing House. n.d.), pp. 73 ff.
3. Marx, Wage Labor and Capital (Moscow. Foreign Languages Publishing House. n.d.), pp. 56 ff.
4. Baran and Sweezy, op. cit., Chapter 7, "The Absorption of Surplus: Militarism and Imperialism," p. 178.
5. Marx, Wage Labor and Capital, pp. 40 ff.
6. Horowitz, review of Monopoly Capital by Baran and Sweezy, MONTHLY REVIEW, January 1967.
6a U.S. Statistical Abstract, 1961, p. 26.
6b ibid., p. 28. 20,490,000 of U.S. population were non-white, including Negroes.
7. "What the Negro Has – and Has Not – Gained," TIME Magazine, October 28, 1966.
7a U.S. Statistical Abstract, 1961, p. 316.
8. Mao Tse-tung, On Contradiction (August 1937). Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 335.
In his discussion On the Chungking Negotiations (October 1945), Selected Works, Vol. IV, pp. 59-60, Mao makes some remarks so pertinent to this discussion that, at the risk of offending some of our readers, we quote herewith virtually their entirety:
"We should carry on constant propaganda among the people on the facts of world progress and the bright future ahead so that they will build their confidence in victory. At the same time, we must tell the people ... that there will be twists and turns in our road... The Seventh Congress of our Party ... preferred to assume there would be more difficulties rather than less. Some comrades do not like to think much about difficulties. But difficulties are facts; we must recognize as many difficulties as there are and should not adopt a 'policy of non-recognition'. We must recognize difficulties, analyse them and combat them. There are no straight roads in the world; we must be prepared to follow a road which twists and turns and not try to get things on the cheap. It must not be imagined that one fine morning all the reactionaries will go down on their knees of their own accord."
9. Baran and Sweezy, op. cit., Footnote 4, above.
10. Andre Gunder Frank, "The Development of Underdevelopment," MONTHLY REVIEW, September 1966, p. 20. Frank was then¬
— 419 —
Visiting Professor in Economics and History at Sir George University in Montreal, Canada.
Chapter XVII
1. Sekou Touré, op. cit., p. 116.
2. U.S. Statistical Abstract, 1961, p. 921. ibid., 1964, pp. 50, 51.
3. J. H. O'Dell, "The Southern Power Structure," FREEDOMWAYS, First Quarters, 1964. (Reference covers entire paragraph.)
4. "What the Negro Has – and Has Not – Gained," TIME Magazine, October 28, 1966.
5. U.S. Statistical Abstract, 1961, p. 31.
6. ibid. pp. 56, 57.
ibid., 1964, pp. 55, 57.
7. Baran and Sweezy, op. cit., Chapter 9, "Monopoly Capital and Race Relations."
11. U.S. Statistical Abstract, 1964, p. 300.
U.N. Statistical Yearbook, 1966, p. 531.
12. Marx, Wages, Price and Profits, pp. 88 ff.
Chapter XVIII
1. Lenin, Stuttgart Address, December 1916.
2. Palme Dutt, op. cit., sub-section on "Parliamentary Democracies," p. 78.
3. Palme Dutt, "British Labour and Africa," AFRICAN COMMUNIST (official quarterly, South African Communist Party) First Quarter, 1966.
6. Lenin, Speech at the Second Congress of the Comintern, 1920.
Collected Works, Vol. 31 (Moscow), pp. 230-231.
Cited in C.O., (Vol. 5, No. 19, October 17, 1968.
English edition (Copenhagen, Denmark).
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7. Lenin, Imperialism and the Split in Socialism (December 1916), BOLSHEVIK Magazine (Moscow), No. 1, 1949.
8. Lenin, Imperialism, "Preface to the French and German editions.
9. ibid., Chapter VIII, "The Parasitism and Decay of Capitalism."
10. U.S. Statistical Abstract, 1961, pp. 347, 360.
13. ibid., p. 203. Labor Fact Book No. 15, pp. 78 ff.
14. "The New Militancy of Labor," NEWSWEEK, September 26, 1966.
16. U.S. Statistical Abstract, 1961, pp. 483, 639.
18. U.S. Statistical Abstract, 1966, pp. 210-211.
20. ibid., from data reported to U.S. Bureau of Census for its "Census of Religious Bodies, 1955 to 1959."
21. TIME, January 14, 1966. Small item under Religion.
22. U.S. Statistical Abstract, 1961, pp. 42-44.
Chapter XIX
1. U.S. Statistical Abstract, 1961, pp. 208 ff., 220 ff.
2. U.S. Statistical Abstract, 1964, p. 338.
Survey of Current Business, April 1, 1962, cited in Labor Fact Book No. 16, p. 21.
3. ibid., 1961, pp. 5, 10, 300, 301, 306, 317.
ibid., 1964, p. 338.
Survey of Current Business, October 1965, pp. S-1, S-2, S-12.
Labor Fact Book No. 15, p. 13.
4. U.S. Statistical Abstract, 1961, pp. 203, 301, 303.
Survey of Current Business, October 1965, pp. S-1, S-3, S-12.
ibid., November 1968, pp. S-1, S-2, S-12.
5. Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1957, pp. 165, 186.
U.S. Statistical Abstract, 1961, pp. 85, 317.
ibid., 1964, pp. 86, 338.
ibid., 1967, pp. 333, 650.
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6. Letter by Elizabeth Briesberg, a "student in California," SANITY, June 1965 (organ of pacifist CND in England).
7. Baran and Sweezy, op. cit., Chapter 7, "Militarism and Monopoly."
8. NATIONAL GUARDIAN (New York), July 30, 1966.
Chapter XX
1. U.S. Statistical Abstract, 1961, p. 457.
ibid., 1966, p. 466.
ibid., 1966, p. 465.
Survey of Current Business, October 1965, p. S-17.
ibid., November 1968, pp. S-1, S-17.
2. U.S. Statistical Abstract, 1961, pp. 12, 196, 457, 516, 547, 558, 560.
3. ibid., pp. 821, 830.
ibid., 1965, p. 822.
ibid., 1967, pp. 565, 729.
4. Baran and Sweezy, op. cit., footnote, p. 245.
5. U.S. Statistical Abstract, 1961, pp. 821, 830.
ibid., 1964, pp. 811, 820, 826.
ibid., 1967, pp. 776, 783, 784.
6. Survey of Current Business, November 1968, p. S-11.
6a Time Essay: "Union Labor: Less Militant, More Affluent," TIME Magazine, September 17, 1965.
7. "The New Militancy of Labor," NEWSWEEK, September 26, 1966. Section on Automation.
8. "The Perils of Prosperity," TIME, April 9, 1965. Under "Labor" in Section on "U.S. Business."
9. U.S. Statistical Abstract, 1961, pp. 303, 329.
ibid., 1964, p. 326.
ibid., 1967, pp. 324, 349.
Survey of Current Business, November 1968, pp. S-2, S-9.
10. Horowitz, op. cit., see Chapter XVI, Reference Note 6.
11. "U.S. Labor is Being Conned," NATIONAL GUARDIAN, October 22, 1966.
12. VIETNAM COURIER, January 30, 1967.
Discussion of President Johnson's State of the Union Message to the U.S. Congress, same month.
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13. TIME, November 11, 1966.
Section on "World Business: Western Europe," first part; sub-title: "The Wages of Prosperity."
14. Sekou Touré, Guinean Revolution and Social Progress, pp. 172, 173.
Chapter XXI
1. U.S. Statistical Abstract, 1961, p. 347.
2. C. Wright Mills, op. cit., pp. 55, 56, 57.
3. M. Ivanov, "The Strike Movement in the Capitalist Countries," a reply to readers' questions, INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS (Moscow), May 1965.
4. KOREA TODAY, May 1964 (Pyongyang. Foreign Languages Publishing House), pp. 5, 6.
5. Labor Fact Book No. 8, p. 152.
ibid., No. 16, p. 88.
U.S. Statistical Abstract, 1961, pp. 230-231.
ibid., 1964, p. 249.
ibid., 1966, p. 247.
ibid., 1967, pp. 5, 221, 249.
6. "The Perils of Prosperity," TIME Magazine, April 9, 1965. Under "Labor" in Section on "U.S. Business."
7. "The New Militancy of Labor," NEWSWEEK, September 26, 1966. Section on Automation.
8. U.S. Statistical Abstract, 1966, p. 246 (compares 1962 and 1964).
9. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Selected Correspondence, (Moscow. 1965), p. 320.
Cited in C.O., Vol. 5, No. 22, December 10, 1968.
English edition (Copenhagen, Denmark).
10. C.O., December 10, 1968, pp. 3, 4.
11. Lenin, Our Immediate Task, 1899.
Collected Works (Moscow), Vol. 4, p. 215.
Cited in same issue, C.O.
13. Lenin, op. cit., "further on." (See C.O., same issue.)
15. Lenin, The Tasks of the Third International, in On Britain (Moscow), pp. 413-414.
Cited in same issue, C.O.
— 423 —
17. Baran and Sweezy, op. cit., pp. 274, 277.
18. Frank Huscroft, "What is Economism?" THE MARXIST (London), Spring 1968.
Chapter XXII
1. USSR Embassy Bulletin (Accra, Ghana), May 10, 1964.
2. Simone de Beauvoir, Force of Circumstances, pp. 338, 339, 366.
3. Adam Schesch, "Vietnam: victim of power politics," GUARDIAN (New York), February 10, 1968.
4. Jack Woddis, "Africa and Mr. Wilson's Government," AFRICAN REVIEW, May 1965 (Ghana).
5. Palme Dutt, "British Labour and Africa," AFRICAN COMMUNIST, First Quarter, 1966.
6. All-African Trade Union Federation (AATUF), "ICFTU – Subversion in Africa: THE FACTS," October 1965, p. 3.
7. Baran and Sweezy, op. cit., p. 210.
8. MONTHLY REVIEW, Vol. 15., No. 12, April 1964, p. 652.
11. TIME Magazine, September 17, 1965, loc. cit.
12. VIETNAM COURIER, June 30, 1967.
13. U.S. Statistical Abstract, 1967, p. 341.
16. Marx, Wage Labor and Capital, pp. 56 ff.
Chapter XXIII
1. U.S. Statistical Abstract, 1966, p. 36.
ibid., 1961, p. 38.
2. Labor Fact Book No. 16, p. 21.
3. Lenin, A Caricature of Marxism and 'Imperialist Economism', section on 'Monism and Dualism' in Against Revisionism, pp. 307-308.
4. KOREA INFORMATION BULLETIN, February 1964, (Pyongyang. Foreign Languages Publishing House), p. 33.
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5. Pat Sloan, "Apartheid is only a particular case in imperialism," ACCRA EVENING NEWS (Ghana), December 2, 1964.
6. Robert L. Allen, "Vietnamese experience needed here," NATIONAL GUARDIAN, October 28, 1967.
7. U.S. Statistical Abstract, 1967, p. 3.
Chapter XXIV
1. Time Essay: "Union Labor: Less Militant, More Affluent," TIME Magazine, September 17, 1965.
2. "Two Lines (5)," C.O., Vol. 6, No. 1., p. 6, January 14, 1969. English edition (Copenhagen, Denmark).
3. Marx, Wage Labor and Capital, pp. 64 ff.
4. Mao Tse-tung, Tribute to Norman Bethune. (Peking. Foreign Languages Press).
Footnote, J. V. Stalin, Foundations of Leninism.
5. Lenin, A Caricature of Marxism, August to October 1916, in Against Revisionism (Moscow. Foreign Languages Publishing House. 1959), p. 311.
Chapter XXV
2. "Down with Colonialism," a reprint of the British Communist Party's policy statement for the 1964 elections in England, GHANAIAN TIMES, January 31, 1964.
Chapter XXVI
2. Fuad Nasser and Aziz Al-Hajj, "The National Movement and the World Revolutionary Process," abridged text, NEWS FROM THE SOVIET UNION (Embassy Bulletin), May 10, 1964, p. 3 (Accra, Ghana).
3. Jack Woddis, Africa – The Roots of Revolt." p. 186.
4. U.S. Statistical Abstract, 1961, p. 220.
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Chapter XXVII
1. N. Kaloudis, "Trade Union Unity is the Key to Unity in the Greek Working Class," PEACE, FREEDOM AND SOCIALISM, March 1964 (Prague).
2. Lester Morris, "The Communists and the National Question: Natoinal and Democratic Revolution in French Canada," ibid., September 1964.
3. Andre Gunder frank, op. cit., Part V.
4. "Let Us Fight Japanese Imperialism," PYONGYANG TIMES, Supplement, January 13, 1966.
5. Philip G. Altbach, "The Suicide of the Indian Left," PEACE NEWS (London), August 20, 1965.
Chapter XXVIII
1. Lenin, Stuttgart Address, December 1916, cited.
2. Philip S. Foner, The History of the Labor Movement in the United States (New York. International Publishers. 1947).
3. ibid., Vol. I, pp. 448-449, 450.
5. Marx, "The Future Results of British Rule in India," July 22, 1853. From the New York DAILY TRIBUNE, August 8, 1853. In Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, On Colonialism, (Moscow. Foreign Languages Publishing House, second impression, n.d.), p. 88.
6. Foner, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 278.
— 426 —
Chapter X[X]IX
1. Andre Gunder Frank, op. cit.
2. African Socialism and Its Application to Planning in Kenya (Nairobi, Kenya. Office of Economic Planning and Development. c. 1964).
Foreword by Jomo Kenyatta.
3. Kwesi Armah, Africa's Golden Road (London. 1965).
4. Tony Cliff, reviewing a book on The Sino-Soviet Rift, PEACE NEWS (London), October 26, 1964.
5. Lee Yuan Yew, "Why Has Asian Socialism Failed?" S.I.I., SOCIALIST INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION, Vol. V, No. 14-15, July 10, 1965.
Chapter XXX
2. Sekou Touré, op. cit., p. 109.
— 427 —
Chapter XXXI
1. Z. Nkosi, "Bending the Colour Bar," AFRICAN COMMUNIST, Third Quarter, 1966.
Chapter XXXII
1. Lenin, Imperialism, "Preface to the French and German editions.["]
2. Z. Nkosi, loc. cit. combining two of his tables.
3. Quoted in Lorraine Hansberry, A Matter of Color, p. 68.
Chapter XXXIII
1. Time Essay: "In Defense of Waste," TIME Magazine, November 18, 1966.
2. H. M. Basner, "Does Africa Need Foreign Aid?" Public lecture, March 14, 1965 (Kumasi, Ghana).
Basner is a South African white socialist lawyer and quondam columnist for the pro-Nkrumah Ghanaian TIMES, in which this lecture was reprinted shortly after its delivery.
3. All-African Trade Union Federation (AATUF), "ICFTU – Subversion in Africa: THE FACTS," October 1965 (Accra, Ghana).
Chapter XXXIV
1. Lugo Taguaba, article in FREEDOMWAYS, Fall 1962.
2. Bill Bland, Chairman in "Marxist-Leninist Organization of Britain (MLOB), "Does the Phenomenon of Black Racialism Exist?" Closing address to The Congress of the Nigerian Left, October 5, 1968 (London).
3. Robert F. Williams, speech at Peking Rally, reprinted in PEKING REVIEW, No. 33, August 12, 1966.
4. John Killens, Youngblood (London. 1956), pp. 242 ff.
5. Robert F. Williams, loc. cit.
6. Article by Do Xuan Sang, Deputy Secretary of Vietnam Lawyers' Association, VIETNAM COURIER, July 14, 1966.
Chapter XXXV
1. Ghanian TIMES, February 16, 1963.
2. Accra EVENING NEWS, February 14, 1963.
— 428 —
3. H.M. Basner, Column, Ghanaian TIMES, February 18, 1963.
4. Anonymous (by demand), personal letter from a leading Marxist authority on Africa.
Chapter XXXVI
1. Program of the then-newly-formed People's Party of Nigeria, May 1, 1961.
Chapter XXXVII
1. Article by Professor D. Olderogge (Chief of the Department of African Studies, Institute of Ethnography, USSR Academy of Sciences), NEWS FROM THE SOVIET UNION (Embassy Bulletin), January 12, 1964 (Accra, Ghana).
3. "Problems of African Students in Moscow," PEACE NEWS, December 27, 1963.
Chapter XXXIX
1. N. Numade, "The Working Class and the African Revolution," AFRICAN COMMUNIST, October-December, 1962.
2. A. Lerumo, "Showdown in Kenya," ibid., Third Quarter, 1966.
3. A. Zanzolo, "Crisis in Africa," ibid., same date.
4. WORLD MARXIST REVIEW, August 1962.
Chapter XL
1. Palme Dutt, World Politics: 1918-1936, pp. 45 ff.
2. Baran and Sweezy, op. cit., Chapter 7, "Militarism and Imperialism," pp. 178 ff.
— 429 —
14. ibid., p. 190 (referring to Professor Frederick L. Schuman of Williams College).
Chapter XLI
1. WORLD ALMANAC, 1968 (New York. Doubleday), p. 498. Also, Reference Note 4, below.
2. Brochure by British Guiana Freedom Association (BGFA), 1963. Distributed by London Embassy of British Guiana.
3. Fenner Brockway, "The Problem of British Guiana, Ghanian TIMES, May 17, 1963.
4. "What is ORIT?" British Guiana Embassy publication, June 1963 (London).
5. Statement by Richard Ishmael, President of B.G. TUC, GUIANA GRAPHIC, May 3, 1963.
Quoted in Reference Note 4, above.
6. Press conference, February 16, 1967.
7. New York TIMES, February 22, 1967.
8. NATIONAL GUARDIAN, March 4, 1967, reprinted from ibid., issue of June 27, 1963.
9. Cheddi Jagan, article on British Guiana, NATIONAL GUARDIAN, May 21, 1966.
10. Palme Dutt, Fascism, p. 185.
11. NATIONAL GUARDIAN, March 18, 1967.
12. Cedric Belfrage, review of The 1966 Socialist Register, edited by Ralph Miliband and John Saville, NATIONAL GUARDIAN, November 12, 1966.
— 430 —
Chapter XLII
1. SOVIET NEWS (London Embassy), March 4, 1969, p. 63, Column 1.
2. The Marxist-Leninist Organization of Britain: Address to the Congress of the Nigerian Left, October 5, 1968 (London), pp. i. and ii.
3. Hung Tsai-ping, "Clumsy Performance," PEKING REVIEW, February 28, 1969.
4. Carl Davidson, "From the New Left," GUARDIAN (N.Y. weekly), March 22, 1969.
5. Camden Newsletter, No. 1, April 1968. Camden Marxist-Leninist Group, London.
Appendix III
1. "The Whole of China is Red," C.O., Vol. 5, No. 17, September 17, 1968. English edition (Copenhagen, Denmark). Section on "A Sharp Light Backwards," pp. 3 and 4.
2. "Imperialism, headed by U.S. Imperialism – Main Enemy of the People of the World," Camden Newsletter No. 1, April 1968, Camden Marxist-Leninist Group, London.
Appendix IV
1. "Belgium, The Dynastic Crisis," Under HISTORY in COLLIER'S ENCYCLOPEDIA (Cromwell-Collier Publishing Company), 1964, Vol. 4, p. 25.
3. Ibid., under POLITICAL PARTIES, Section "Governments and Politics," p. 15 ff.
— 431 —
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AURORA, P.O. Box 22049, [Address is out of date —Transcriber]
S-10422 Stockholm, Sweden [Address is out of date —Transcriber]
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[Inside of back cover]
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[Back cover]
H.W. Edwards:
L A B O R A R I S T O C R A C Y ,
M A S S B A S E O F S O C I A L D E M O C R A C Y
In his great classic, Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism, Lenin described the labor aristocracy of that time as "a tiny minority of the working class." Ever since, without relating current statistics to Lenin's guide-lines, the world Left, especially in the West, has continued mouthing: "The labor aristocracy is a tiny minority of the working class."
This book undertakes to apply official U.S. and other data to the criteria for a labor aristocracy which Lenin set forth in his "Preface to the German and French editions" of the cited source. Supported by a resulting 43 statistical tables, it proves that, today, the entire working class of the West constitutes a labor aristocracy on a world scale; that its former "crumbs" from the capitalists' table have, due to the escalation of imperialism's parasitism, augmented greatly; that the labor aristocracy's acceptance of this kick-back, which Lenin called "imperialist bribery," has created for them in the West a "Way of Life" such that a serious internal contradiction now exists within the international proletariat: the one between workers in the West and those of the "Third World;" that Social Democracy is and always has been the political mouthpiece of the labor aristocracy; and that the Least Common Denominator of Social Democracy is racism.
The author contends that, if not seriously studied and fought against, this internal contradiction can and will harden, if it hasn't already, into an antagonistic one within the international working class, in a world of which the imperialist section is now ruled by transnational corporations rather than by nations, as in Lenin's day. If such political sclerosis is allowed to set, it can only postpone further the arrival of the necessary "final conflict."
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Aurora, P.O. Box 22049 [Address is out of date —Transcriber]
ISBN 91 7252 013 2S-10422 Stockholm, Sweden
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